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1<?php
2        $seiten_id = 'rundfunk';
3        $version = '$Id: broadcasting.php 258 2012-05-28 16:06:24Z sven $';
4        $title = 'Broadcasting';
5       
6        require "../../lib/technikum29.php";
7?>
8    <h2>Broadcasting</h2>
9
10    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
11        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/neuer-ausschnitt-rundfunkecke.jpg" alt="Photography from the museum: A partial view of the broadcasting corner" width="594" height="418" />
12        <p class="bildtext">
13            Some of the broadcast devices in the exhibition &ndash; from left to right:
14            the twenties, early thirties, mid-thirties, late thirties,
15            early fifties.
16        </p>
17    </div>
18       
19        <p>Broadcasting was launched in Germany in 1923, being the third country in
20           the world (right after the USA (1921) and Great Britain (1922)). From the
21           technical point, it even would have been possible to launch large-scale
22           broadcasting in 1920.</p>
23           
24        <!-- Absatz mit dem amtlich anerkannten Firmen (RTV-Stempel)
25             => Weglassen laut Heriberts Direktive (Januar 2010) -->
26                 
27    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
28            <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/seibt-edr16.jpg" width="600" height="383" alt="Seibt detector EDR 16" />
29                <p class="bildtext">
30                    <b>Seibt EDR 16</b>
31                </p>
32        </div>
33       
34        <p>Detectors are passive tuners which are powered straight from the electromagnetic
35           wave which is recieved via a very big antenna. Therefore there was only a
36           headphones plug and no loudspeakers at all. To adjust the device, the user had
37           to poke with a small needle on a crystal, having only a small chance to recieve
38           a powerful broadcast station. The crystal was a small 5&nbsp;mm galena or pyrite
39           unit with physical characteristics of a diode at some special configurations.
40           If the user found such a configuration, the crystal served as rectifier.
41           In the early 1920s, this setup was a cheap alternative to the expansive radio sets.
42           At the right hand in the picture you can see a typical manual to instruct
43           the user into early radio technology.</p>
44           
45        <p>It is astonishing to see the incredible speed of the development of broadcasting
46           systems. Beginning with very simple devices like the one above, using crystals
47           for demulation, the technology became mature very quickly. This process took
48           no more than 15 years from the first steps to near perfection.
49           This development is reflected in the apperance of the devices as well. While
50           the first recievers were of a very technical design, later devices turned into
51           wonderful pieces of furniture, fitting neatly into the average upper class
52           household. We have illustrated this page with examples from both types of
53           devices.</p>
54       
55<!-- old version -->   
56<!--   
57    <p>It is astonishing to see the incredible pace at which the development of
58       broadcasting systems took place. Beginning with very simple devices using
59       crystals for demodulation the technology matured very fast and resulted
60       in the design and development of high performance transmitters and receivers
61       employing super heterodyning and the like.
62       This paved the way from simple crystal receivers which required special
63       skills to operate to everyday radios which were easy to operate and soon
64       could be found in nearly every household. A process which took a mere 15
65       years from its first steps to near perfection.
66       This development is reflected in the appearance of the devices as well. While
67       the first receivers were of a very technical design, later devices turned into
68       wonderful pieces of furniture, fitting neatly into the average household and
69       denying the fact that the receiver itself was a rather complicated piece of
70       equipment. This page shows some selected examples from the collection of the
71       museum which contains about 150 different receivers.
72    </p>
73-->
74
75<!-- Very old version -->
76<!--
77      <p>The short time between the moderate launch of broadcasting in the early 1920s
78          and its perfection is amazing. The era of broadcasting began in Germany in 1923,
79          at first with very limited reception quality. 15 years later the quality of
80          reception was almost perfect. At the beginning the apparatures had a very
81          technical design (exactly like today), but since the 30s the radio apparatures
82          changed to partially attractive pieces of furniture. Chosen examples from the
83          museum-holding (150 pieces) for both kinds are shown on this page.</p>
84-->
85
86    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
87            <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/saba1927.jpg" width="600" height="451" alt="Photography of the Saba 1927" />
88                <p class="bildtext">
89                    This is a reciever made by <b>SABA</b> (year of manufacture 1927) with
90                        open cover. You can see three inductors and rotary capacitors. Therefore
91                        this kind of device is called "three-step-oscillator". The device is
92                        decorated with marquetries (not visible in the picture detail) and even
93                        the interior is made of veneerd exotic woods.
94                </p>
95    </div>
96       
97        <p>In the 1920s, the electric power supply has not been installed all over the
98           country yet, therefore the first broadcasting recievers were made for
99           battery operation. Therefore listening loudly and frequently to the radio
100           was an expensive buiseness, since batteries discharged quickly.
101           <br/>The following devices were ready for the mains supply.</p>
102
103    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
104        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/huth.jpg" width="600" height="385" alt="HUTH-Empf&auml;nger (HUTH-Receiver)" />
105        <p class="bildtext">Receiver made by <b>Signalbau Huth</b> (model E72):
106            This is an example of a cheap receiver made in 1928. The sound quality
107                        is rather bad, especially with that horn loudspeaker, made out of metal.
108                        Listening to the radio was sensational, but not luxurious.
109                </p>
110    </div>
111       
112        <!--
113      <div class="box left">
114         <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken_w90.jpg" width="307" height="371" alt="Telefunken W9" class="nomargin-bottom" />
115         <p class="bildtext">Wealthy people could afford a <b>Telefunken W9</b>
116           (shown in the picture on the left) which was available during the
117           same time frame. Equipped with an Acrophon loudspeaker it featured
118           a rich sound although with very limited bass. In addition to this
119           the receiver was quite sensible and could even receive stations
120           far away while the cheap model above was limited to the reception
121           of local broadcast stations.</p>
122         <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
123      </div>
124         -->
125
126       
127        <p>There have always been companies which built very stylish devices. You could
128           already take a look at the Saba device. The Telefunken <b>T 40W</b> is another
129           representative of such a device with a very nice interior. In the following,
130           you can gain an extraordinary insight into this device.
131
132    <div class="box left clear-after">
133        <a href="/en/devices/telefunken_t40w.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken_t40w/klein.jpg" alt="Photography of the Telefunken T40W" class="nomargin-bottom"></a>
134        <p class="bildtext">
135            Clicking on the picture yields the innards of the
136                        <a href="/en/devices/telefunken_t40w.shtm" class="go">Telefunken T 40W</a>.
137            </p>
138    </div>
139
140        <p>The following pictures show some recievers of outstanding design
141           and outstanding technical features. The picture gallery could be
142           continued with open end.
143           <br/>Many other curiosities can be found in our museum, and there's
144           no epoch without an outstanding audio experience: Detector devices,
145           battery driven recievers (1920s), "Luxus-Super" (1930s), early
146           radiogramophones (1932) and the first postwar recievers with
147           motor-channel search and cable-remote control: SABA Freiburg 3D
148           (1954). This milestone features five built-in speakers, having
149           such an impressing sound that even today's people with all their
150           consumer electronics are faszinated of this 50 years old device.
151           Overall, you can get an impression how broadcasting was experienced
152           two or three generations ago.
153        </p>
154       
155<!-- Alter Text -->
156<!--
157    <p>The following pictures show some receivers of outstanding design
158       and outstanding technical properties. Apart from these the
159       museum's collection contains a lot of different receivers
160       covering all stages of the development of public radio
161       broadcasting.
162       These receivers include crystal radios, battery powered receivers
163       from the 1920s, a 'Luxus Super' (1930s) as well as the first postwar
164       receiver equipped with motorized search functionality and remote
165       control by cable, the SABA Freiburg 3D. The sound of this receiver
166       is so rich and impressive that even young people are faszinated and
167       admire this 50 year old technical miracle.</p>
168-->
169           
170<!-- ganz alter Text -->
171<!--
172      <p>The next two pictures show two apparatures that point out themselves optically
173          and also technically, but the picture gallery could be continued without stopping.
174      <br />Many other curiosities can be admired in the museum, an audio experience
175          is possible in every epoch: detectors, batterie-receivers (1920s), "Luxus-Super"
176          (1930s) and at the end the first postwar receivers with motor-channel search and
177          cable-remote control: SABA Freiburg 3D. The sound of this milestone with 5 built-in
178          loudspeakers is so impressing that even CD-spoiled kids would stand wondering in
179          front of this nearly 50-years old apparature.
180      <br />All in all you see how broadcasting was two or three generations ago and how
181          fast the aparatures developed.</p>
182-->
183
184    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
185            <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken650,500.jpg" width="700" height="419" alt="Telefunken 650 and Telefunken 500" />
186                <p class="bildtext">
187                    <b>Telefunken T650 and T500</b>
188                </p>
189        </div>
190       
191        <p>Loudspeakers were integrated into broadcasting devices since about 1932.
192           Furthermore the devices were (of course) still adapted to contemporary
193           style. These Telefunken export devices (T650 and T500) especially stick
194           out. Being built as "super" models (improving recieve quality by generating
195           an intermediate frequency) the technical working was very good.
196        </p>
197
198    <div class="box left clear-after">
199        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken,musikschrank.jpg" width="350" height="610" alt="Telefunken radiogramophone" />
200        <p class="bildtext">
201            Having intelligent all-in-one furniture suitable for all kinds of music is an old dream
202            which appeared some years after the introducion of mass broadcasting. The radiogramophone
203            on the left is the <b>Telefunken 650 GK</b> from 1931/32. The record player was quite
204            modern, featuring a magnetic system and electric motor. On the other hand it still used
205            gramophone needles and the needlessly weighty pick-up stressed the records.
206            Nevertheless the sound quality of the radiogramophone was much better, compared to an
207            ordinary gramophone player. The chassis is made out of noble walnut trees, therefore
208            this piece of furniture was very expensive.
209        </p>
210    </div>
211
212    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
213        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/ultramar3.jpg" width="600" height="533" alt="K&ouml;rting Ultramar" />
214        <p class="bildtext">
215                    <b>K&ouml;rting Ultramar</b>: One of the most
216            nobel, most complex and most expensive recievers made in 1935.
217            Its circuitry contains 11 vacuum tubes driving two loudspeakers
218            which results in an astonishable quality of sound. See also
219            some pictures showing the <a class="go" name="backlink-ultramar"
220                        href="/en/devices/ultramar_back.shtm">Innards of the Ultramar</a>.
221                </p>
222    </div>
223
224      <div class="box left clear-after">
225          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/metz,koffer.jpg" width="400" height="333" alt="Metz portable reciever" />
226          <p class="bildtext">The portable reveceiver from Metz, built in
227            1956 and shown on the left, is another outstanding piece of equipment.
228            It is a so called "Kofferradio" (<i>suitcase radio</i>) since it is portable
229                        and optionally battery driven, and of course since it is as compact as
230                        carry-on-baggage. It even features an integrated recordplayer - forseeing the
231            development of modern multipurpose receiver/CD-player combinations.
232                        Of course it still used tubes. Youth would have been able to listen to
233                        Elvis Presley at the swiming pool if the device were not as expensive.</p>
234      </div>
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