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1<?php
2        $seiten_id = 'faxtechnik';
3        $version = '$Id: fax.php 299 2012-09-19 09:38:55Z sven $';
4        $title = 'Fax engineering';
5       
6        require "../../lib/technikum29.php";
7?>
8    <!-- Etwas unkonventionell - mehrere h2 auf der Seite verteilt -->
9    <h2>Telegraphy</h2>
10
11    <div class="box left clear-after">
12        <a href="/en/devices/morse_telegraph.php" name="backlink-morse-telegraph"><img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telegrafie-regal.jpg" alt="The telegraph's rack" width="240" height="464" /></a>
13        <div class="bildtext">
14            <p>An extract from the area fax and writing engineering.</p>
15            <p>Humans always wanted to communicate over very long distances. In the early 20th century
16            "Morse" was almost synonymously used for the telegraph technology. Around 1938 the first
17            traffic telegraphs arised.</p>
18
19            <div class="center">
20                <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/morseschreiber.jpg" alt="Morse writer (1876)" style="float:none;"/>
21            </div>
22
23            <p>The picture above was printed in the little book "The technical telegraph service" from 1876. As you
24               can see, morse telegraphs were already used at that time. This kind of technology is amazing due
25               to it's overwhelming simplicity.
26               <br/>Clicking on the picture which shows the rack yields the <a class="go"
27               href="/en/devices/morse_telegraph.php">telegraph station</a>, made by S.A. HASLER (Bern, Switzerland).
28            </p>
29        </div>
30    </div>
31
32
33    <!--<div class="box left">
34        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/ausschnitt-faxtechnik.jpg" alt="Ausschnitt aus dem Bereich Fax- und Schreibtechnik" width="436" height="327" />
35        <div class="bildtext" style="padding-top: 127px;">Extract from the area fax and writing engineering.</div>
36        <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
37    </div>
38   
39    <div class="box left" id="telegraf-zu">
40        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telegrafenstation-halboffen.jpg" alt="Telegrafenstation halboffen" class="nomargin-bottom" width="341" height="201" onclick="switchTelegrafenstation();" />
41        <div class="bildtext">
42            What is inside this inconspicuous wooden box? Klick it to open it.
43            - old text. This is the <a href="/en">box from the homepage</a>, now partly openend. Click on the old box and be astonished.-</div>
44        <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
45    </div>
46   
47    <div class="box center" id="telegraf-offen">
48        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telegrafenstation-offen.jpg" alt="Telegrafenstation offen"width="680" height="516" />
49        <div class="bildtext">
50            <h3>TELEGRAPH STATION, made by S.-A. HASLER, Bern (Switzerland)</h3>
51            -<p>More details will follow soon.</p>-
52        </div>
53    </div>-->
54
55     <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
56          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/morsetelegraph-um1900.jpg" width="439" height="249" alt="Morsetelegraph um 1900" />
57          <p class="bildtext">This telegraph station was built in the time about 1900. More than 100 years ago, no one cared about time
58            thus communication was quite unhurried.</p>
59      </div>
60
61     <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
62          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/morseempfaenger.jpg" width="439" height="254" alt="Morse reciever" />
63          <p class="bildtext">This picture shows the edgewise view from the morse reciever. The apparature is connected to a paper tape morse transmitter from the 60s.</p>
64     </div>
65         
66        <h2>Fax engineering, Picture Telegraphy</h2>
67       
68        <!-- Eigentlich steht hier ziemlich anderes Zeug im Deutschen (Januar 2010),
69             aber gespickt mit alten Spezialbegriffen, fuer die es im englischen keine
70                 Uebersetzungen gibt (bereits erstes Wort: Faximile) -->
71       
72      <p>It is quite incredible: Fax machines were already mass-produced in 1929. However, it
73      was difficult to run these machines. The first pracitcal fax machines are a german invention: The "Normalpapierfax" (a fax machine that
74      used usual paper) from Siemens-Hell, year of manufacture 1956, with tube technology, is still completely runable.
75      An unhurried and transparent fax transmission (DIN A5) takes about 4 minutes. Theoretically you
76      could send a colored fax with that machine!</p>
77
78      <div class="box center">
79          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/fultograph.jpg" width="487" height="338" alt="Fultograph" />
80          <div class="cols">
81            <div class="leftcol">
82              <p>The <b>Fultograph</b> is an <b>"image reciever"</b>, invented by the
83                 Englishman Otho Fulton in 1929. This devices made it possible to transmit weather
84                 chartes by funk for the first time in the world.
85                 <br />The following text is cited from an unknown source from about 1930. It shows up
86                 a strange world for today's people:
87              </p>
88              <!-- English translation by Ruediger Kraatz on 18.01.2009: -->
89              <blockquote>
90                Who hasn't felt, when listening to a thrilling wireless transmission
91                from the opera or when enjoying a radio play, the wish to experience
92                such a feat not only with one's ears, but also with one's eyes? How
93                often have you regretted to rely solely on your own imagination rather
94                than being able to actually see the presentations which sound so
95                natural in your ears?
96                The realisation of these aspirations, which would be possible by
97                distance cinema, has not only failed due to the technical complexities
98                of the problems, but especially because of the enormous costs caused
99                by such an equipment.
100                It is now a truly invaluable achievement that every owner of a good
101                wireless apparatus has been put into a position to call something his
102                own, which is at least a preliminary stage of a distance cinema, namely
103                a radiophoto receiver, providing beautiful and steady images out of the
104                ether.
105                In the future, broadcasting stations will be able to illustrate their
106                acoustic transmissions. Scenic images of public performances, portraits
107                of artists, comments on lectures, illustrations of daily reports,
108                sketches of sporting events, weather charts, public quizzes and many
109              </blockquote>
110            </div>
111            <div class="rightcol">
112              <blockquote>
113                other such events can be made an issue of broadcasting in a simple way.
114                All owners of a suitable apparatus can &ndash; without previous technical
115                knowledge and without a dark room &ndash; receive these images, which
116                will appear in front of your eyes in brilliant brown colour in a matter
117                of minutes and which will be ready in stable conditions immediately.
118                The simple appliance providing such miracles was quietly developed to
119                such a perfection by an English inventor, Captain Otho Fulton, and within
120                a short period of time regular image broadcasting will be carried out
121                in most European countries, so that the owner of a "Fultograph" &ndash;
122                this is how Fulton called his image receiver &ndash; will be able to
123                receive an international image broadcasting programme in his own home.
124                The images are true to the originals, distinct and pleasant to watch,
125                and apart from that of particular artistic efficacy because of their
126                special granularity.
127                It takes 3 to 5 minutes to transmit a picture in the format of 9 to
128                12 centimetres.
129               </blockquote>
130               <p>The rotating roll, which had been coated with chemically preperated paper, was spirally
131                 scanned by an attached "pen" (tabluator). In this way an electric current could flow
132                 from the pen over the paper to the roll in the rythm of the picture informations. That way, the
133                 image developed by electrolysis.</p>
134            </div>
135          </div><!--cols-->
136          <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
137      </div>
138
139      <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
140          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/siemens_kf106.jpg" width="513" height="416" alt="SIEMENS fax machine KF 106" />
141          <p class="bildtext">
142                      Very rare <b>Siemens (HELL) fax machine KF 106</b>
143              </p>
144          </div>
145         
146          <p>
147              This "remote copy machine" was produced in 1954/55. The ink-based write
148                  approach was already matured. Sad to say, the service-friendliness was
149                  quite bad. The bulky device (27 kilogram) scans only a DIN A5 sheet.
150                  Already 1956 the successor KF 108 came on the market, with great
151                  improvements.
152       </p>
153
154      <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
155          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/siemens_kf108-gross.jpg" width="520" height="363" alt="SIEMENS fax machine KF 108" />
156          <p class="bildtext">
157                      <b>SIEMENS fax machine KF 108</b> (year of manufacture 1956)
158                  </p>
159          </div>
160         
161          <p>     
162          The KF 108 works in a similar way like the Fultograph. Instead of the
163                  electrochemical recording, ink is put on the usual paper with the help
164                  of complex mechanics.
165
166          <br/>It works similar to the fultograph. Instead of a electochemical
167                  notation, ink is brought by a small rotating sapphire reel onto normal
168                  paper.
169          <br/>A KF 108 will even be able to send and recive faxes when the modern
170                  fax devices are trashed. Of course, it is not compatible to today's
171                  devices. Siemens produced the device in a typical german manner: Everything
172                  is huge and indestructible. In these days you did not throw everything away.
173      </p>
174
175      <p>
176              The next fax (year of manufacture 1963, also used for weather cards) weights
177                  90 kg and has even electonic tubes. In the 1960s, weather offices were able
178                  to recive the latest weather cards (with pages bigger than DIN A3) with
179                  these machines.
180                  <br/>The Hellfax-Blattschreiber BS 100 shows how exhausting it was to send
181                  DIN A2 fax drawings in the 1960s. This device was used to recive weather
182                  cards with radio communication. You can also see an <a class="go"
183                  name="backlink-hellfax" href="/en/devices/hellfax-functionality.php">Hellfax
184                  unctional diagram</a>. Clicking on the picture will open the front lid.
185          </p>
186
187                       
188     <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
189         <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/hellfax_bs110-geschlossen.jpg"  alt="The Hellfax-Blatschreiber BS 100, with closed lid" id="hellfax-zu" />
190         <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/hellfax_bs110-geoeffnet.jpg" alt="The Hellfax-Blattschreiber BS 110 with opened lid" id="hellfax-offen" />
191         <p class="bildtext">
192                    <b>Hellfax-Blattschreiber BS 110</b>
193         </p>
194     </div>
195         
196        <h2>Teletype technology</h2>
197     
198    <!--
199     next Paragraph/box: In Deutsch "ohne Worte". Heribert schreibt
200                         Text fuer englische Version in Mail am
201                         26. Juli 2008:
202                         
203    Links: Hellschreiber GL 72 (ca. Bj. 1952). Jede Taste erzeugt eine
204    bestimmte Tonsequenz. Mit diesen Geräten konnte man daher im
205    Gegensatz zu den Fernschreibern im Telefonnetz kommunizieren.
206   
207    Rechts: Diktiergerät mit Magnetplatten (Bj. 1952), welches auch die
208    Informationen des Hellschreibers aufzeichnen konnte. Damit wurde es
209    schließlich möglich Text auf einer Magnetplatte abzuspeichern und
210    beliebig oft durch den Hellschreiber "ausdrucken" zu lassen.
211   
212     Auf Basis dieses Textes nun meine englische Übersetzung:
213    -->
214    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
215        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/hellschreiber.jpg" width="629" height="245" alt="Hellschreiber GL 72" />
216        <p class="bildtext">
217            The <b>Hellschreiber GL 72</b>, year of manufacture 1952
218            (in the picture on the left). This device assignes an unique
219            sequence of frequencies to each key. Thus the device could make use of the
220            telephone network, like the later modems did to build up the
221            internet. This feature distinguishes it from the ordinary
222            teletypes.
223        </p>
224    </div>
225   
226    <!-- paragraph between Hellschreiber and teletype:
227         translated 27. July 2008 from de -->
228    <p>Nevertheless the clatting teletypes coined high speed
229       telecommunication for decades. The first teletype was presented
230       in 1930 by Siemens &amp; Halske &ndash; only three years later,
231       the German Post used them for communication all over Germany.
232       The first official connection in Germany was build between the capital, Berlin,
233       and the Hanseatic City of Hamburg. Unlike the
234       Hellschreiber, the teletype did not use the already existing
235       telephone network, so they had to build up a seperate telex
236       network.
237       <br/>
238       At first there were only 21 subscribers in 1933, but only six
239       years later, they counted 1500 subscribers in 1939. In 1975
240       there were actually more than 90,000 subscribers. In these
241       days, the mechanically working teletypes were replaced by
242       electronically driven devices (Telex). Even nowadays, in
243       times of the internet, a few developing countries use this
244       disaster safe kind of communication.</p>
245
246     <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
247         <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/fernschreiber.jpg" width="520" height="536" alt="Teletypewriter" />
248         <p class="bildtext">
249                     <b>Siemens Teletype</b>, year of manufacture 1952
250             </p>
251         </div>
252       
253    <p>
254            Below in the picture, you can see a paper tape sender.
255        While typing the text, it was fed into the paper tape and could be send afterwards quite fast.
256        This is quite equal how today's e-mail clients work: They buffer the text while the user inputs
257        it until it is send in one go, instead of streaming the keyboard input "live" to the recipient.
258        Of course this apperature is still fully executable.
259    </p>
260
261
262        <h2>Flexowriter</h2>
263     <!-- This paragraph was replaced on 27. july 08 in favour of... -->
264     <!--
265     <p>Long time before, telegraph offices (about 1900), the early teleprinters (1938) and Hellschreiber (1952) were used. A demonstration shows something unbelievable: The Hellschreiber writes a dictate from a dictating machine from the early fifties without mistakes!?<br/>
266     <br/>The electomechanical "text processing systems" (1962-64) show you how texts could be duplicated and written automatically with punched tapes and punch cards as storages. Only big companies could afford the complex technology which was typically german. See the <a class="go" href="/en/devices/olympia-flexowriter.php" title="Olympia Schreibautomat" name="backlink-olympia">Olympia flexowriter</a>.</p>
267     -->
268     <!-- ...this paragraph: -->
269         <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
270                <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/olympia-schreibautomat.jpg" width="629" height="242" alt="Olympia Flexowriter" />
271                <div class="bildtext">
272            <p>As a kind of spin-off products of the teletype
273               development, the electromechanical "wordprocessing systems"
274               (1962 &ndash; 1964) were invented. They were capable
275               of duplicating and writing texts automatically, using
276               paper tapes and punch cards as storage media.
277               <br/>The technology of these devices was quite complex
278               &ndash; at that time only big companies could afford these
279               typically German devices.
280               <br/>The picture above shows the <b>Olympia flexowriter</b>
281               with two paaper tape readers and one paper tape puncher,
282               year of manufacture 1962.</p>
283        </div>
284    </div><!-- end of image box -->
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