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Heriberts Aenderungen der letzten Zeit:

1) "Was gibt es Neues"
2) Wissenschaftliche Rechner: Erweiterung um NOVA-Anlage
3) Startseite: Flyer-Download (Bildbeschreibung steht zu weit unten)

Messtechnik: Uebersetzung des Tektronix-Beitrages von Bernd Ulmann
Galvanometer-Uebersetzung von Heribert (Google)

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19<div id="content">
20    <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>
21
22    <p>Measurement- and Experimental technology can link Communication and Computer
23       Technology. Measurement technology has a long history and there have been nice and
24       remarkable devices.</p>
25<!--
26    <p>Professionals can see many beautiful measurement devices, from the complex mirror galvanometer (a piece from the German Kaiserzeit) to the scintillation measuring station with counting devices from several epoches (since 1956), used for measurement of radioactivity.</p>
27-->
28
29    <div class="box left clear-after">
30         <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/experimente.jpg" alt="Some of the experimental physics devices" width="396" height="451" class="nomargin-bottom" />
31         <p class="bildtext">
32           This picture shows some devices from the "experimental physics" area. You
33           will probably note the use of "natural" materials (wood, glass, metal) and the
34           well-designed very simplified interface that makes comprehension simple.
35           <br/>We will go into detail for some of the devices shown on the left.
36       
37    </div>
38
39        <h3>Galvanometer</h3> <!-- sic -->
40       
41      <div class="box left clear-after">
42            <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/universalmessgeraet.jpg" alt="Fotografie des Universalmeßgerätes" width="396" height="325" />
43            <p class="bildtext">
44               This is a remarkably functional, big and beautiful all-purpose measurement device made by Siemens &amp; Halske (about 1905). At that time even simple objects of utulity were made lovely detailed. This device was used as auxiliary device for morsing purposes in the national administration of the German Empire.
45            </p>
46      </div>
47     
48      <div class="box left clear-after">
49        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/h+b.galvanometer.jpg" alt="Foto eines Galvometers von Hartmann  Braun" width="400" height="351" />
50        <p class="bildtext">In 1891, this beautiful galvanometer was purchased from Hartmann & Braun (Frankfurt/Main, Germany) and offered in catalogs. The principle is simple: in the underlying coil (green) flows the current to be measured, which builds a magnetic field. In this field sits a very sensitive compass needle which is hung up on a thin wire. The longer and thinner the torsion wire, the more sensitive the device.<br>
51Measuring was then an art that had to be mastered. Particularly disturbs the Earth's magnetic field, so that a correct positioning were only able by experts.</p>
52    </div>
53
54      <div class="box left clear-after">
55           <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/h&amp;b-galvanometer.jpg" alt="Photography of a mirror galvanometer" width="396" height="436" />
56           <div class="bildtext">
57             <p>Until the invention of measurement amplifiers, measuring very small voltages
58             and currents was a big problem. To do that job, moving coil devices had to be
59             very sensitive. This was realized with a moving coil that was mounted on a
60             torsion wire. The reflecting mirror at the lower end of the wire was spotted by
61             a light ray, so the whole composition acts like a very long "light needle".
62             By this way very long needle lengths (multiple meters) could be simulated.
63             Such a galvanometer must be set up absolutely horizontally and vibration-free.
64             <br/>The <b>Mirror Galvanometer</b> by Hartmann&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Braun is
65             a simple and functional demonstration model from the 1920s.</p>
66           </div>
67    </div>
68       
69       
70        <h3>Radio engineering</h3>
71
72    <div class="box left clear-after">
73          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/neva-funktechnik.jpg" alt="Photography of the Neva Experimental system" width="396" height="280" />
74          <p class="bildtext">With the <b>NEVA radio technology system</b>, students could
75            do challenging experiments like measuring the wave lengths in the VHF area
76            with the Lecher lines.
77          </p>
78    </div>
79       
80        <h3>Cathode Ray Tubes</h3>
81
82    <div class="box left clear-after">
83        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/loewe-kathodenstrahl.jpg" alt="Photography of the cathode ray tube" width="396" height="189" />
84        <p class="bildtext">
85            At the time where there was no television and no oscilloscope yet, the
86            <b>Cathode Ray Tube</b> was a sensation, especially at school. This was one of
87            the very first experiments where students could see that electrons have
88            almost no inertia, so they can be deflected easily at the presence of an
89            electric field.
90            <br/>This tube (with power supply on the left) from the German company
91            <b>Loewe</b> is an historical piece from the 1930s. It measures about
92            50&nbsp;cm!
93        </p>
94   </div>
95
96
97    <!-- paragraph: AEG Oszi. Translated/Started at 28.07.08-->
98    <div class="box left clear-after">
99          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/aeg-oszi.jpg" alt="Photography of an AEG oscilloscope" width="425" height="419" />
100                  <p class="bildtext">
101              After the currency reform in West Germany, the production
102              of mesurement devices got going again. This AEG
103              oscilloscope was built in 1949. It seems to be an exact
104              replica from an AEG device of the late thirties. It is
105              equipped with steel tubes that were put on the German
106              market at 1938. Neither the time base of the horizontal
107              deflection nor the amplitude of the vertical deflection
108              are callibrated by the manufacturer. To measure
109              absolutely with this device, you always need reference sizes.
110          </p>
111      </div>
112
113      <div class="box left clear-after">
114          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/phywe-oszi.jpg" alt="Photography of a Phywe demonstration oscilloscope" width="396" height="269" />
115          <p class="bildtext">
116             The "Physikalischen Werkst&auml;tten" (<i>phsyical facilities</i>), <b>Phywe</b>,
117             have built this small oscilloscope for demonstration purposes that can be
118             used to show the electromagnetic interaction of an electron beam in E/B fields.
119             Since (CRT driven) television got a mass medium, these experiments
120             were state-of-art at those days.
121          </p>
122       </div>
123           
124
125
126   <h3 id="t555">TEKTRONIX Oszilloscopes</h3>
127        <div class="box left clear-after">
128        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/tektronix555.jpg" alt="Tektronix 555" width="396" height="448" />
129                <p class="bildtext">
130                In the heyday of pulse technology as used in radar and computing the development of high performance oscilloscopes was necessary. This is where an Oregan based company named Tektronix Inc. made a name for themselves. Their products are examples of high precision measurement equipment showing great workmanship and extraordinary performance. In addition to that Tektronix oscilloscopes
131came with service manuals that are a joy to read and a source of knowledge in electronic circuit design. Over the years Tektronix oscilloscopes became the epitome of high quality commercial oscilloscopes nearly unrivaled by other companies.<br>
132On the left hand side the truly gigantic Tektronix Type 555 oscilloscope is shown. The oscilloscope sitting next to it is a Type 564 which is also quite big but does not compare with the 555.
133The Type 555 was first sold in 1963 and is a true dual-beam oscilloscope with two individual time bases. This makes it superior compared with traditional dual-channel oscilloscopes with only a single time base and an electronic chopper for the dual-channel display. <br>
134The 555 features a separate power supply which is sitting on the bottom of the oscilloscope cart (a scope mobile). All in all the 555 contains about 100 tubes - an extraordinary amount for such a device. As a result the power requirement of the 555 is quite high with about 1 kW.<br>
135The maximum signal frequency that can be displayed with the 555 is 33 MHz - an outstanding value for the time. Oscilloscopes like the 555 were normally carried from one place to another by a cart (it is next to impossible to lift such a device as a single person). Therefore the scope mobile often had storage space for additional modules that were not regularly used.<br>
136The 555 on display is in mint condition - a rare circumstance since most  oscilloscopes from this time show signs of their heavy duty use.<a  class="popup" href="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/555.jpg"><b> A high resolution picture of the 555</b></a> can be seen here.</a><br>
137The Type 564 oscilloscope on the scope mobile on the right uses a bistable storage tube - a technology that was not mature at this time. These tubes were characterized by a short life time. Most notably the brightness of the display decreased rapidly with time and the maximum beam velocity for
138storing images was about 500 cm/ms.<br>
139Below the 564 is a Tektronix Type 453 - a small oscilloscope which is quite difficult to service and repair due to its small physical size. By the way: Modern Tektronix oscilloscopes offer bandwidths up to 80GHz!
140                </p>
141                </div>
142
143        <h3>Digital experience system</h3>
144       
145    <div class="box left clear-after">
146        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/digitalexperimentiersystem.jpg" alt="photography of an electronic experimental system for use in schools" width="396" height="509" />
147        <p class="bildtext">This big white board is an experience system from
148          <b>Leybold</b> from the early 1970s. At that time, the subject
149          "digital electonics" was taught in the school. Students could set up
150          logic systems like binary counters, full adders, flip-flops, multiplexer,
151          etc. This was quite fascinating for students at that time. Today, in ordinary
152          schools, there is no more time for electronics in the curriculars.</p>
153    </div>
154       
155        <h3>The world of electronical calculating</h3> <!-- schleim... -->
156
157    <div class="box left clear-after">
158       <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/frequenzzaehler.jpg" alt="Photography of different frequency- and event counters" width="420" height="582" />
159       <p class="bildtext"><b>Calculating requires counting</b>
160         <br/>Last but not least we show a composition of (frequency) counters from
161         different epoches. There are, among others, devices equipped with tubes (57
162         electron tubes) or discrete transistor logic (mostly germanium).
163         The different counting tubes (e.g. E1T or GC10B) and the very different
164         display types are quite impressive.</p>
165    </div>
166       
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168<!--#include virtual="/en/inc/menu.inc.shtm" -->
169</body>
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