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Zusammenführung der englischen neuen Homepage mit den unterdessen veränderten Texten der englischen laufenden Homepage.

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1<?php
2        $seiten_id = 'elektronenroehren';
3        $version = '$Id: electron-tubes.php 287 2012-08-16 09:02:07Z heribert $';
4        $title = 'Desk calculators with electron tubes';
5       
6        require "../../lib/technikum29.php";
7?>
8    <h2>Desk calculators with electron tubes</h2>
9
10    <p>The development of electronic calculators since the 1950s is at least as interesting as the
11    development of broadcast engineering in the 1920/30s.
12    <br/>The first electronic desk calculator in the world (1962) is a real milestone. The
13    modern-looking monster features 188 electron tubes and belongs consequently to the first
14    generation of calculators. It has a wonderful glowing display. However, the
15    tube based computer can only perform the four basic arithmetic operations and
16    cost as much as a VW Beetle and an holiday trip.</p>
17
18    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
19        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anita.jpg" width="650" height="487" alt="Antia C/VIII" />
20                <p class="bildtext"><b>Anita Mark C/VIII</b></p>
21        </div>
22        <p>
23           The ANITA ("<b>A</b> <b>N</b>ew <b>I</b>nspiration <b>T</b>o <b>A</b>rithmetik") was
24           manufactured by BELL PUNCH Co, England. This historic calculator revolutionised
25           computing on desktops.
26       For the first time, you could multiply and divide without mechanics or noise. With a
27           3 kHz clock the device calculated ten times faster than the best contemporary
28           mechanical calculators. Anyway, technically speaking, the device was actually
29           obsolete in 1962. The calculator works in decimal system, just like
30           mechanical sprocket wheel machines. It took two more years until a transistorized desk
31           calculator (IME 84) came onto the market.
32    </p>
33
34
35<div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
36    <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anita-innen.jpg" width="694" height="520" alt="Photography of Anita's 'inner life'" />
37    <p class="bildtext">
38        The "nightly" Anita inner life: The thyratrons glow red, flashing during calculations.
39    </p>
40</div>
41
42
43<div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
44    <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anita-anzeige.jpg" width="396" height="268" alt="Anita's display" />
45    <p class="bildtext">
46        This is part of the numeric display. The gas-filled nixie tubes
47        (glow lamp principle) came onto the marktet just in time.
48    </p>
49</div>
50
51
52<div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
53    <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anita-teile.jpg" width="516" height="250" alt="Multiple parts of Anita" />
54    <div class="bildtext">
55    <p>
56        The upper circuit board contains a ring counter. The gas-filled thyratrons are very small. This
57        was the only way to place approx. 177 pieces into a manageable case. These relay tubes
58        have only two states like mechanical relays.
59        Additionally there are 11 vacuum tubes (ECC 81, left side) built into the calculator.
60    </p><p>
61        The lower circuit board is a complete counting decade with a nixie tube.
62     </p>
63    </div>
64</div>
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