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1<?php
2        $seiten_id = 'lochkarten';
3        $version = '$Id: punchcard.php 287 2012-08-16 09:02:07Z sven $';
4        $title = 'Punch card computing';
5       
6        require "../../lib/technikum29.php";
7?>
8    <h2>Punch card computing</h2>
9
10    <p>Punch cards are used since the beginnings of the 20th century
11       as storage media. They are handy, can be labeled automatically or by
12       hand, and can be sorted quickly. Therefore they were used until
13       the late 1980s. Indeed they were mainly used in the 1960s, when
14       EDP conquered the world. Today's folk is astonished at the size,
15       the clearness and functionality of these machines. At technikum29
16       most of these archaic devices still work.</p>
17
18        <h3>Card puncher devices</h3>
19    <div class="box left clear-after">
20        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/lochkartenstanzer.jpg"
21                 alt="Various card punchers" width="330" height="368"
22                 class="nomargin-bottom" />
23        <div class="bildtext">
24           <p>For punching cards only occasionally, the small bottom device
25               was quite sufficient, e.g. for small companies. The device in
26               the middle of the picture is a puncher from BULL and the topmost
27               device is a so-called "magnetic puncher" that is equipped with
28               solenoids that punch the holes. For even higher amounts of
29               punching requirements, there were quite more expensive
30               "motor-driven punchers".
31            </p>
32    </div>
33    </div>
34
35    <p>A typical machinery consists of a card puncher which punches the
36       information and data on the cards, a card collator which sorts
37       the cards from different stacks (for instance <i>adresses</i>
38       and <i>bills</i>), a sorter which sorts with specified loads
39       and possibly a punch card interpreter that writes the punched
40       information on a prescribed position on the punch card.</p>
41
42    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
43        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm_029-juki.jpg" alt="IBM 029 und Juki" width="580" height="340" />
44        <p class="bildtext"><b>IBM 029 and JUKI card puncher.</b></p>
45        </div>
46       
47        <p> On the left hand in the picture there is the legendary
48            IBM 029 (build since 1964), on the right hand the JUKI puncher
49            (made in Japan). The JUKI puncher is not accidentally looking
50            like the IBM: In 1971 IBM brought the puncher 129 on the market
51            which buffers the content of the whole punchcard while reading.
52            Therefore IBM selled the license to reproduce the machine. In
53            1971, the IBM 029 costed about 15.500 DM.
54        </p>
55       
56        <div class="box center auto-bildbreite" id="u1710">
57        <a name="univac1710"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/univac1710.jpg" alt="UNIVAC 1710 Verifying Interpreting Punch" width="580" height="435" /></a>
58        <p class="bildtext"><b>UNIVAC 1710 Verifying Interpreting Punch</b> (VIP)</p>
59        </div>
60       
61        <p>
62           The Univac 1710 VIP was released at
63           the same time like the <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC 9400 mainframe</a>
64           in the year 1969. This device is very fast and versatile and works mostly
65           electronically. Most likely, Univac wanted to trump IBM with this
66           trendsetting device. The device's internals are very elaborate, but offer
67           many advantages, compared to usual apperatures at that time:
68           <br/>It featured a core memory with 12 x 80 x 2 cells for both data and programs. It could
69           handle two programs and one data storage. Programming
70           was performed automatically once program cards have been inserted, and
71           programs could be changed at the touch of a key. The device furthermore
72           featured program-controlled printing during punching.
73           Keypunching errors were electronically corrected, since cards were punched
74           only after all entries were in storage. Verifying and correction comprised
75           a one-pass operation. Verified cards were uniquely notched while error
76           cards were automatically ejected to a separate stacker.
77           <br/>The device also features a large illuminated digital display that
78           indicates which program is in control, furthermore the device could be
79           used for subsequent card labeling. However, the device had always
80           mechanical problems: The type wheel print was of bad quality and the
81           card feeding could easily stop working when the adjustment wasn't
82           perfectly fitting.
83    </p>
84
85       
86        <h3>Sorters</h3>
87
88    <div class="box center">
89        <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.shtm" name="backlink-sorter"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm-082-sorter.jpg" alt="IBM 082 sorter" width="361" height="287" /><img style="margin-left: 2px;" src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm-082-sorter.offen.jpg" alt="IBM 082 sorter (without cover)" width="215" height="287" /></a>
90        <p class="center">
91            <b>IBM 082 punch card sorter</b>, Built since 1949
92            <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.shtm">The function of the punch card sorter</a>
93         </p>
94    </div>
95
96    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
97        <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm083.jpg" alt="IBM 083 punch card sorter" width="602" height="630" /></a>
98        <p class="bildtext">
99            <b>IBM 083 sorter</b>
100            <br/>Compared to the IBM 082 the sorting mechanics were greatly improved. The machine can sort 1000 cards
101            per minute. Much more than 16 cards per second are not possible, due to the mechanic's inertia. This
102            type was built since 1958.
103            <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.shtm">The function of the punch card sorter</a>
104        </p>
105    </div>
106       
107        <h3>Collators</h3>
108
109    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
110        <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm" name="backlink-ibm077"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm77.jpg" alt="IBM 077" width="450" height="526" /></a>
111        <p class="bildtext"><b>IBM punch card collator 077</b></p>
112        </div>
113       
114        <p>
115            The picture above shows the back of a collator, year of manufacture 1959.
116                The collector reads 480 cards per minute. It is capable of changing the
117                order of the cards, looking for copies (and seperating them out) or
118                comparing two stacks and finding out the differences. Compared to
119                today's database storages this card collator is a kind of mechanical
120                database query language interpreter.
121        <!--<br/>The programs are plugged together on a patch panel. Thus they can easily be changed. -->
122        <br />The electronics comprises of relays and camshafts which control
123             switches. Early engineers had to use oilcans for the bearing's
124             maintenance as often as a checking device.
125             <br />The programs could be changed by replacing the programing field.
126             <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm">The function of the punch card collator</a>
127    </p>
128
129    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
130         <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-mischer.jpg" alt="Bull punch card collator 56.00" width="450" height="536" /></a>
131         <p class="bildtext"><b>Bull punch card collator 56.00.</b></p>
132    </div>
133       
134        <p>
135            This very big device features very much chrome and almost 1000 relays,
136                assembled to allow developers to implement varoius mixing algorithms
137                with wired panels. Thus collating and sorting could be performed in only
138                one working cycle. Depending on the task, the device could process about
139                250 - 500 cards per minute.
140    </p>
141       
142        <h3>Card interpreter</h3>
143       
144    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
145         <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm_548.jpg" alt="IBM 548" width="450" height="509" />
146         <p class="bildtext"><b>IBM 548</b></p>
147    </div>
148       
149    <p>
150            A huge punch card interpreter made by IBM. This machine can label 60 cards
151        per minute in 60 cols and two rows, according to the settings which you can set.
152    </p>
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