Changeset 140 in t29-www for en


Ignore:
Timestamp:
Jan 10, 2010, 6:05:19 AM (14 years ago)
Author:
incubator
Message:

Syncd the complete translation. Die kompelette Homepage-Übersetzung aktualisiert, in das neue Design gebracht und aktuelle Übersetzung gemacht.

  • Neue Seite Univac 9200 auch im englischen angelegt (noch kein sonderlicher Inhalt)
  • /de: Univac9200-Seite eingebunden (Menue, Seitenrelationen)

-- sven @ netbook

Location:
en
Files:
1 added
1 deleted
21 edited

Legend:

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Added
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  • en/communication/broadcasting.shtm

    r138 r140  
    1515    <meta name="keywords" lang="de" content="Rundfunk, Signalbau Huth, E 72, Telefunken W9, K&ouml;rting Ultramar, Telefunken 650, Kofferempf&auml;nger, Metz" />
    1616    <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="Broadcasting, broadcast devices, museum, Signalbau Huth, Telefunken W9, K&ouml;rtng Ultramar, Telefunken 650, Metz" />
    17     <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />
    1817    <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" />
    19     <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="v5.8.x/10.2008" />
    20     <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="v5.8.x+1/12.10.2008" />
    21     <meta name="t92.comment" content="New: Telefunken 650 GK" />
    22     <!--changelog: 19.04.2006/v5.5.BETA - last edit own translation -->
    23     <!--changelog: 10.08.2006/v5.5.7 - new translation (Ulmann) -->
    24     <!--changelog: 19.08.2007/v5.7.5 - new translation, new structure [v5.7 grundlegende Änderungen, weitgehend gleicher Text] -->
    25     <!--changelog: 21.03.2008/v5.7.20 based on 03.02.2008/v5.7.17: Neuer Auschnitt Rundfunkecke (Text angepasst, neues Bild) -->
    2618</head>
    2719<body>
     
    3022    <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>
    3123
    32     <div class="box center">
     24    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    3325        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/neuer-ausschnitt-rundfunkecke.jpg" alt="Photography from the museum: A partial view of the broadcasting corner" width="594" height="418" />
    34         <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width:594px;">
     26        <p class="bildtext">
    3527            Some of the broadcast devices in the exhibition &ndash; from left to right:
    3628            the twenties, early thirties, mid-thirties, late thirties,
     
    3830        </p>
    3931    </div>
    40 
    41     <!--<div class="box left">
    42         <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/ausschnitt-rundfunkecke.jpg" alt="Partial view of the broadcasting corner" height="297" width="396" class="nomargin-bottom" />
    43         <div class="bildtext" style="padding-top: 127px;">Some of the broadcast
    44             devices in the exhibition &ndash; shown are mostly receivers from the
    45             1920s and 1930s.</div>
    46         <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    47     </div>-->
    48 
     32       
     33        <p>Broadcasting was launched in Germany in 1923, being the third country in
     34           the world (right after the USA (1921) and Great Britain (1922)). From the
     35           technical point, it even would have been possible to launch large-scale
     36           broadcasting in 1920.</p>
     37           
     38        <!-- Absatz mit dem amtlich anerkannten Firmen (RTV-Stempel)
     39             => Weglassen laut Heriberts Direktive (Januar 2010) -->
     40                 
     41    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     42            <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/seibt-edr16.jpg" width="600" height="383" alt="Seibt detector EDR 16" />
     43                <p class="bildtext">
     44                    <b>Seibt EDR 16</b>
     45                </p>
     46        </div>
     47       
     48        <p>Detectors are passive tuners which are powered straight from the electromagnetic
     49           wave which is recieved via a very big antenna. Therefore there was only a
     50           headphones plug and no loudspeakers at all. To adjust the device, the user had
     51           to poke with a small needle on a crystal, having only a small chance to recieve
     52           a powerful broadcast station. The crystal was a small 5&nbsp;mm galena or pyrite
     53           unit with physical characteristics of a diode at some special configurations.
     54           If the user found such a configuration, the crystal served as rectifier.
     55           In the early 1920s, this setup was a cheap alternative to the expansive radio sets.
     56           At the right hand in the picture you can see a typical manual to instruct
     57           the user into early radio technology.</p>
     58           
     59        <p>It is astonishing to see the incredible speed of the development of broadcasting
     60           systems. Beginning with very simple devices like the one above, using crystals
     61           for demulation, the technology became mature very quickly. This process took
     62           no more than 15 years from the first steps to near perfection.
     63           This development is reflected in the apperance of the devices as well. While
     64           the first recievers were of a very technical design, later devices turned into
     65           wonderful pieces of furniture, fitting neatly into the average upper class
     66           household. We have illustrated this page with examples from both types of
     67           devices.</p>
     68       
     69<!-- old version -->   
     70<!--   
    4971    <p>It is astonishing to see the incredible pace at which the development of
    5072       broadcasting systems took place. Beginning with very simple devices using
     
    6385       museum which contains about 150 different receivers.
    6486    </p>
    65 
     87-->
     88
     89<!-- Very old version -->
    6690<!--
    67       <p>The short time between the moderate launch of broadcasting in the early 1920s and its perfection is amazing. The era of broadcasting began in Germany in 1923, at first with very limited reception quality. 15 years later the quality of reception was almost perfect. At the beginning the apparatures had a very technical design (exactly like today), but since the 30s the radio apparatures changed to partially attractive pieces of furniture. Chosen examples from the museum-holding (150 pieces) for both kinds are shown on this page.</p>
    68 -->
    69 
    70       <div class="box center">
    71           <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/huth.jpg" width="600" height="385" alt="HUTH-Empf&auml;nger (HUTH-Receiver)" />
    72           <p class="bildtext">Receiver made by Signalbau Huth (model E72):
    73             This is an example of a cheap
    74             receiver made in 1928. It was one of the first models which could
    75             be connected to the mains thus eliminating the bulky anode batteries
    76             requires by previous generations of receivers.
    77             The sound quality of this receiver is quite limited and the horn
    78             loudspeaker makes for a sound which one would expect from a tin can.</p>
    79       </div>
    80 
     91      <p>The short time between the moderate launch of broadcasting in the early 1920s
     92          and its perfection is amazing. The era of broadcasting began in Germany in 1923,
     93          at first with very limited reception quality. 15 years later the quality of
     94          reception was almost perfect. At the beginning the apparatures had a very
     95          technical design (exactly like today), but since the 30s the radio apparatures
     96          changed to partially attractive pieces of furniture. Chosen examples from the
     97          museum-holding (150 pieces) for both kinds are shown on this page.</p>
     98-->
     99
     100    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     101            <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/saba1927.jpg" width="600" height="451" alt="Photography of the Saba 1927" />
     102                <p class="bildtext">
     103                    This is a reciever made by <b>SABA</b> (year of manufacture 1927) with
     104                        open cover. You can see three inductors and rotary capacitors. Therefore
     105                        this kind of device is called "three-step-oscillator". The device is
     106                        decorated with marquetries (not visible in the picture detail) and even
     107                        the interior is made of veneerd exotic woods.
     108                </p>
     109    </div>
     110       
     111        <p>In the 1920s, the electric power supply has not been installed all over the
     112           country yet, therefore the first broadcasting recievers were made for
     113           battery operation. Therefore listening loudly and frequently to the radio
     114           was an expensive buiseness, since batteries discharged quickly.
     115           <br/>The following devices were ready for the mains supply.</p>
     116
     117    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     118        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/huth.jpg" width="600" height="385" alt="HUTH-Empf&auml;nger (HUTH-Receiver)" />
     119        <p class="bildtext">Receiver made by <b>Signalbau Huth</b> (model E72):
     120            This is an example of a cheap receiver made in 1928. The sound quality
     121                        is rather bad, especially with that horn loudspeaker, made out of metal.
     122                        Listening to the radio was sensational, but not luxurious.
     123                </p>
     124    </div>
     125       
     126        <!--
    81127      <div class="box left">
    82128         <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken_w90.jpg" width="307" height="371" alt="Telefunken W9" class="nomargin-bottom" />
     
    90136         <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    91137      </div>
    92 
    93       <p>There have always been devices that have been built very aesthetically.
    94         One of these devices is the Telefunken T 40W.</p>
    95 
    96       <div class="box left">
    97          <a href="/en/devices/telefunken_t40w.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken_t40w/klein.jpg" alt="Photography of the Telefunken T40W" class="nomargin-bottom"></a>
    98          <p class="bildtext">
    99             Clicking on the picture yields the
    100             innards of the <a href="/en/devices/telefunken_t40w.shtm" class="go">Telefunken
    101             T 40W</a>.
    102          </p>
    103          <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    104       </div>
    105 
    106      
    107 
    108       <p>The following pictures show some receivers of outstanding design
    109          and outstanding technical properties. Apart from these the
    110          museum's collection contains a lot of different receivers
    111          covering all stages of the development of public radio
    112          broadcasting.
    113          These receivers include crystal radios, battery powered receivers
    114          from the 1920s, a 'Luxus Super' (1930s) as well as the first postwar
    115          receiver equipped with motorized search functionality and remote
    116          control by cable, the SABA Freiburg 3D. The sound of this receiver
    117          is so rich and impressive that even young people are faszinated and
    118          admire this 50 year old technical miracle.</p>
    119 
    120       <div class="box left">
    121           <!-- Section new at 12.10.2008 from de -->
    122           <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken,musikschrank.jpg" width="350" height="610" alt="Telefunken radiogramophone" />
    123           <p class="bildtext">
    124               Having intelligent all-in-one furniture suitable for all kinds of music is an old dream
    125               which appeared some years after the introducion of mass broadcasting. The radiogramophone
    126               on the left is the <b>Telefunken 650 GK</b> from 1931/32. The record player was quite
    127               modern, featuring a magnetic system and electric motor. On the other hand it still used
    128               gramophone needles and the needlessly weighty pick-up stressed the records.
    129               Nevertheless the sound quality of the radiogramophone was much better, compared to an
    130               ordinary gramophone player. The chassis is made out of noble walnut trees, therefore
    131               this piece of furniture was very expensive.
    132               <br />The <a class="go"
    133               name="backlink-telefunken" href="/en/devices/telefunken_650.shtm">Telefunken 650</a>
    134               is the alternative table-top type and was a very successful export hit.
    135           </p>
    136           <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    137       </div>
    138 
    139 
     138         -->
     139
     140       
     141        <p>There have always been companies which built very stylish devices. You could
     142           already take a look at the Saba device. The Telefunken <b>T 40W</b> is another
     143           representative of such a device with a very nice interior. In the following,
     144           you can gain an extraordinary insight into this device.
     145
     146    <div class="box left clear-after">
     147        <a href="/en/devices/telefunken_t40w.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken_t40w/klein.jpg" alt="Photography of the Telefunken T40W" class="nomargin-bottom"></a>
     148        <p class="bildtext">
     149            Clicking on the picture yields the innards of the
     150                        <a href="/en/devices/telefunken_t40w.shtm" class="go">Telefunken T 40W</a>.
     151            </p>
     152    </div>
     153
     154        <p>The following pictures show some recievers of outstanding design
     155           and outstanding technical features. The picture gallery could be
     156           continued with open end.
     157           <br/>Many other curiosities can be found in our museum, and there's
     158           no epoch without an outstanding audio experience: Detector devices,
     159           battery driven recievers (1920s), "Luxus-Super" (1930s), early
     160           radiogramophones (1932) and the first postwar recievers with
     161           motor-channel search and cable-remote control: SABA Freiburg 3D
     162           (1954). This milestone features five built-in speakers, having
     163           such an impressing sound that even today's people with all their
     164           consumer electronics are faszinated of this 50 years old device.
     165           Overall, you can get an impression how broadcasting was experienced
     166           two or three generations ago.
     167        </p>
     168       
     169<!-- Alter Text -->
    140170<!--
    141       <p>The next two pictures show two apparatures that point out themselves optically and also technically, but the picture gallery could be continued without stopping.
    142       <br />Many other curiosities can be admired in the museum, an audio experience is possible in every epoch: detectors, batterie-receivers (1920s), "Luxus-Super" (1930s) and at the end the first postwar receivers with motor-channel search and cable-remote control: SABA Freiburg 3D. The sound of this milestone with 5 built-in loudspeakers is so impressing that even CD-spoiled kids would stand wondering in front of this nearly 50-years old apparature.
    143       <br />All in all you see how broadcasting was two or three generations ago and how fast the aparatures developed.</p>
    144 -->
    145 
    146       <div class="box center">
    147           <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/ultramar3.jpg" width="600" height="533" alt="K&ouml;rting Ultramar" />
    148           <p class="bildtext"><b>K&ouml;rting Ultramar</b>: One of the most
     171    <p>The following pictures show some receivers of outstanding design
     172       and outstanding technical properties. Apart from these the
     173       museum's collection contains a lot of different receivers
     174       covering all stages of the development of public radio
     175       broadcasting.
     176       These receivers include crystal radios, battery powered receivers
     177       from the 1920s, a 'Luxus Super' (1930s) as well as the first postwar
     178       receiver equipped with motorized search functionality and remote
     179       control by cable, the SABA Freiburg 3D. The sound of this receiver
     180       is so rich and impressive that even young people are faszinated and
     181       admire this 50 year old technical miracle.</p>
     182-->
     183           
     184<!-- ganz alter Text -->
     185<!--
     186      <p>The next two pictures show two apparatures that point out themselves optically
     187          and also technically, but the picture gallery could be continued without stopping.
     188      <br />Many other curiosities can be admired in the museum, an audio experience
     189          is possible in every epoch: detectors, batterie-receivers (1920s), "Luxus-Super"
     190          (1930s) and at the end the first postwar receivers with motor-channel search and
     191          cable-remote control: SABA Freiburg 3D. The sound of this milestone with 5 built-in
     192          loudspeakers is so impressing that even CD-spoiled kids would stand wondering in
     193          front of this nearly 50-years old apparature.
     194      <br />All in all you see how broadcasting was two or three generations ago and how
     195          fast the aparatures developed.</p>
     196-->
     197
     198    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     199            <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken650,500.jpg" width="700" height="419" alt="Telefunken 650 and Telefunken 500" />
     200                <p class="bildtext">
     201                    <b>Telefunken T650 and T500</b>
     202                </p>
     203        </div>
     204       
     205        <p>Loudspeakers were integrated into broadcasting devices since about 1932.
     206           Furthermore the devices were (of course) still adapted to contemporary
     207           style. These Telefunken export devices (T650 and T500) especially stick
     208           out. Being built as "super" models (improving recieve quality by generating
     209           an intermediate frequency) the technical working was very good.
     210        </p>
     211
     212    <div class="box left clear-after">
     213        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken,musikschrank.jpg" width="350" height="610" alt="Telefunken radiogramophone" />
     214        <p class="bildtext">
     215            Having intelligent all-in-one furniture suitable for all kinds of music is an old dream
     216            which appeared some years after the introducion of mass broadcasting. The radiogramophone
     217            on the left is the <b>Telefunken 650 GK</b> from 1931/32. The record player was quite
     218            modern, featuring a magnetic system and electric motor. On the other hand it still used
     219            gramophone needles and the needlessly weighty pick-up stressed the records.
     220            Nevertheless the sound quality of the radiogramophone was much better, compared to an
     221            ordinary gramophone player. The chassis is made out of noble walnut trees, therefore
     222            this piece of furniture was very expensive.
     223        </p>
     224    </div>
     225
     226    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     227        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/ultramar3.jpg" width="600" height="533" alt="K&ouml;rting Ultramar" />
     228        <p class="bildtext">
     229                    <b>K&ouml;rting Ultramar</b>: One of the most
    149230            nobel, most complex and most expensive recievers made in 1935.
    150231            Its circuitry contains 11 vacuum tubes driving two loudspeakers
    151232            which results in an astonishable quality of sound. See also
    152             some pictures showing the
    153             <a class="go" name="backlink-ultramar" href="/en/devices/ultramar_back.shtm">Innards of the Ultramar</a>.
     233            some pictures showing the <a class="go" name="backlink-ultramar"
     234                        href="/en/devices/ultramar_back.shtm">Innards of the Ultramar</a>.
     235                </p>
     236    </div>
     237
     238      <div class="box left clear-after">
     239          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/metz,koffer.jpg" width="400" height="333" alt="Metz portable reciever" />
     240          <p class="bildtext">The portable reveceiver from Metz, built in
     241            1956 and shown on the left, is another outstanding piece of equipment.
     242            It is a so called "Kofferradio" (<i>suitcase radio</i>) since it is portable
     243                        and optionally battery driven, and of course since it is as compact as
     244                        carry-on-baggage. It even features an integrated recordplayer - forseeing the
     245            development of modern multipurpose receiver/CD-player combinations.
     246                        Of course it still used tubes. Youth would have been able to listen to
     247                        Elvis Presley at the swiming pool if the device were not as expensive.</p>
    154248      </div>
    155 
    156       <div class="box left">
    157           <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/metz,koffer.jpg" width="400" height="333"
    158              alt="Metz portable reciever" class="nomargin-bottom" />
    159           <p class="bildtext">The portable reveceiver from Metz, built in
    160             1956 and shown above, is another outstanding piece of equipment.
    161             It is a so called "Kofferradio" so it can be carried around and
    162             it features even an integrated recordplayer - forseeing the
    163             development of modern multipurpose receiver/CD-player combinations</p>
    164 
    165           <!--
    166           A rapid leap in time to the youngest model in the museal collection: The portable receiver from Metz with built-in gramophone. Of course the apparature, built 1956, still uses tubes. Youth would have been able to hear their "Elvis Presley"-records in the swimming pool if the radio were much more cheaper.-->
    167           <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    168       </div>
    169 
    170249
    171250</div><!-- end of content -->
  • en/communication/fax.shtm

    r82 r140  
    1515    <meta name="keywords" lang="de" content="Faxtechnik, Schreibtechnik, Fernschreiber, Siemens KF108, Hellfax BS 110, Fax&uml;bertragung, Bildfunkempf&auml;nger, Blattschreiber" />
    1616    <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="technikum, fax engineering, writing engineering, telegraphy, hellfax, hellschreiber, olympia, flexowriter" />
    17     <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />
    18     <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" />
    19     <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id" />
    20     <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="22.07.2008/v5.7.23" />
    21     <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="27.07.2008/v5.7.23" />
    22     <meta name="t29.comment" content="new: Hellschreiber GL, Olympia flexowriter, and some text about teletypes" />
    23     <!--changelog: 26.04.2006/v5.5.1 auf Basis de:13.04.2006/v5.5.1 -->
    24     <!--changelog: 24.08.2007/v5.7.5 -->
    25     <!--changelog: 15.09.2007/v5.7.8 based on 16.07.2007/v5.7.1: ein wort (astonished) -->
    26     <!--changelog: 27.11.2007/v5.7.12 based on 04.11.2007/v5.7.11: Telegrafentext geaendert -->
    27     <!--changelog: 21.03.2008/v5.7.20 based on 03.2008/v5.7.19: Neuer Beginn (ausschnitt), KF106, KF108, Hellfax, Telegraf neu/geaendert -->
     17    <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" />
    2818    <script type="text/javascript">
    2919    <!--
    3020        // small "quick & dirty" script to "open the box". See the same at /de/kommunikationstechnik/faxtechnik
    31         /*function initTelegrafenstation() {
    32             document.getElementById("telegraf-offen").style.display = "none";
    33             document.getElementById("telegraf-zu").getElementsByTagName("img")[0].style.cursor = "pointer";
    34         }
    35         function switchTelegrafenstation() {
    36             document.getElementById("telegraf-zu").style.display = "none";
    37             document.getElementById("telegraf-offen").style.display = "block";
    38         }*/
    3921        // umgeschrieben fuers Hellfax
    4022        function initGeraeteoeffner() {
    41             /*document.getElementById("telegraf-offen").style.display = "none";
    42             document.getElementById("telegraf-zu").getElementsByTagName("img")[0].style.cursor = "pointer";*/
    43                
    4423            document.getElementById("hellfax-offen").style.display = "none";
    4524            document.getElementById("hellfax-zu").style.cursor = "pointer";
    46 
    4725        }
    4826
     
    5129        document.getElementById(name+"-offen").style.display = name=="telegraf"?"block":"inline";
    5230    }
     31       
     32        var backup = window.onload;
     33        window.onload = function() { backup(); initGeraeteoeffner(); }
    5334    // -->
    5435    </script>
    5536</head>
    56 <body onLoad="initGeraeteoeffner();">
     37<body>
    5738<!--#echo encoding="none" var="heading" -->
    5839<div id="content">
    59     <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>
    60 
    61     <div class="box left">
     40    <!-- Etwas unkonventionell - mehrere h2 auf der Seite verteilt -->
     41    <h2>Telegraphy</h2>
     42
     43    <div class="box left clear-after">
    6244        <a href="/en/devices/morse_telegraph.shtm" name="backlink-morse-telegraph"><img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telegrafie-regal.jpg" alt="The telegraph's rack" width="240" height="464" /></a>
    6345        <div class="bildtext">
     
    7860            </p>
    7961        </div>
    80         <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    8162    </div>
    8263
     
    10485    </div>-->
    10586
    106      <div class="box center">
     87     <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    10788          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/morsetelegraph-um1900.jpg" width="439" height="249" alt="Morsetelegraph um 1900" />
    108           <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width:439px;">This telegraph station was built in the time about 1900. More than 100 years ago, no one cared about time
     89          <p class="bildtext">This telegraph station was built in the time about 1900. More than 100 years ago, no one cared about time
    10990            thus communication was quite unhurried.</p>
    11091      </div>
    11192
    112      <div class="box center">
     93     <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    11394          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/morseempfaenger.jpg" width="439" height="254" alt="Morse reciever" />
    114           <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width:439px;">This picture shows the edgewise view from the morse reciever. The apparature is connected to a paper tape morse transmitter from the 60s.</p>
     95          <p class="bildtext">This picture shows the edgewise view from the morse reciever. The apparature is connected to a paper tape morse transmitter from the 60s.</p>
    11596     </div>
    116 
     97         
     98        <h2>Fax engineering, Picture Telegraphy</h2>
     99       
     100        <!-- Eigentlich steht hier ziemlich anderes Zeug im Deutschen (Januar 2010),
     101             aber gespickt mit alten Spezialbegriffen, fuer die es im englischen keine
     102                 Uebersetzungen gibt (bereits erstes Wort: Faximile) -->
     103       
    117104      <p>It is quite incredible: Fax machines were already mass-produced in 1929. However, it
    118105      was difficult to run these machines. The first pracitcal fax machines are a german invention: The "Normalpapierfax" (a fax machine that
     
    182169      </div>
    183170
    184       <div class="box center">
     171      <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    185172          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/siemens_kf106.jpg" width="513" height="416" alt="SIEMENS fax machine KF 106" />
    186           <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width:513px;">
    187               The <b>Siemens (HELL) fax machine KF 106</b> is very rare. This "remote copy machine" was produced in
    188               1954/55. The ink-based write approach was already matured. Sad to say, the service-friendliness was quite
    189               bad. The bulky device (27 kilogram) scans only a DIN A5 sheet. Already 1956 the successor KF 108
    190               came on the market, with great improvements.
    191           </p>
    192     </div>
    193 
    194       <div class="box center">
     173          <p class="bildtext">
     174                      Very rare <b>Siemens (HELL) fax machine KF 106</b>
     175              </p>
     176          </div>
     177         
     178          <p>
     179              This "remote copy machine" was produced in 1954/55. The ink-based write
     180                  approach was already matured. Sad to say, the service-friendliness was
     181                  quite bad. The bulky device (27 kilogram) scans only a DIN A5 sheet.
     182                  Already 1956 the successor KF 108 came on the market, with great
     183                  improvements.
     184       </p>
     185
     186      <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    195187          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/siemens_kf108-gross.jpg" width="520" height="363" alt="SIEMENS fax machine KF 108" />
    196188          <p class="bildtext">
    197               The illustration shows the <b>SIEMENS fax machine KF 108</b> (year of manufacture 1956).
    198               <br/>It works in a similar way like the Fultograph. Instead of the electrochemical recording,
    199               ink is put on the usual paper by the help of complex mechanics.
    200 
    201               <br/>It works similar to the fultograph. Instead of a electochemical notation, ink is brought by a small rotating sapphire reel onto normal paper.
    202               <br/>A KF 108 will even be able to send and recive faxes when the modern fax devices are trashed. Of course, it is not compatible to today's devices. Siemens produced the device in a typical german manner: Everything is huge and indestructible. In these days you did not throw everything away.
    203           </p>
    204       </div>
    205 
    206      <p>The next fax (year of manufacture 1963, also used for weather cards) weights 90 kg and has even electonic tubes. In the 1960s, weather offices were able to recive the latest weather cards (with pages bigger than DIN A3) with these machines.</p>
    207 
    208      <div class="box center">
     189                      <b>SIEMENS fax machine KF 108</b> (year of manufacture 1956)
     190                  </p>
     191          </div>
     192         
     193          <p>     
     194          The KF 108 works in a similar way like the Fultograph. Instead of the
     195                  electrochemical recording, ink is put on the usual paper with the help
     196                  of complex mechanics.
     197
     198          <br/>It works similar to the fultograph. Instead of a electochemical
     199                  notation, ink is brought by a small rotating sapphire reel onto normal
     200                  paper.
     201          <br/>A KF 108 will even be able to send and recive faxes when the modern
     202                  fax devices are trashed. Of course, it is not compatible to today's
     203                  devices. Siemens produced the device in a typical german manner: Everything
     204                  is huge and indestructible. In these days you did not throw everything away.
     205      </p>
     206
     207      <p>
     208              The next fax (year of manufacture 1963, also used for weather cards) weights
     209                  90 kg and has even electonic tubes. In the 1960s, weather offices were able
     210                  to recive the latest weather cards (with pages bigger than DIN A3) with
     211                  these machines.
     212                  <br/>The Hellfax-Blattschreiber BS 100 shows how exhausting it was to send
     213                  DIN A2 fax drawings in the 1960s. This device was used to recive weather
     214                  cards with radio communication. You can also see an <a class="go"
     215                  name="backlink-hellfax" href="/en/devices/hellfax-functionality.shtm">Hellfax
     216                  unctional diagram</a>. Clicking on the picture will open the front lid.
     217          </p>
     218
     219                       
     220     <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    209221         <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/hellfax_bs110-geschlossen.jpg"  alt="The Hellfax-Blatschreiber BS 100, with closed lid" onClick="switchGeraet('hellfax');" id="hellfax-zu" />
    210222         <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/hellfax_bs110-geoeffnet.jpg" alt="The Hellfax-Blattschreiber BS 110 with opened lid" id="hellfax-offen" />
    211223         <p class="bildtext">
    212             The <b>Hellfax-Blattschreiber BS 100</b> shows how exhausting it was to send DIN A2 fax drawings in the 1960s. This device was used to recive weather cards with radio communication. You can also see an <a class="go" name="backlink-hellfax" href="/en/devices/hellfax-functionality.shtm">Hellfax functional diagram</a>. Click on the picture to open the front lid.
     224                    <b>Hellfax-Blattschreiber BS 110</b>
    213225         </p>
    214226     </div>
     227         
     228        <h2>Teletype technology</h2>
    215229     
    216230    <!--
     
    230244     Auf Basis dieses Textes nun meine englische Übersetzung:
    231245    -->
    232     <div class="box center">
     246    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    233247        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/hellschreiber.jpg" width="629" height="245" alt="Hellschreiber GL 72" />
    234         <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width:629px;">
     248        <p class="bildtext">
    235249            The <b>Hellschreiber GL 72</b>, year of manufacture 1952
    236250            (in the picture on the left). This device assignes an unique
     
    262276       disaster safe kind of communication.</p>
    263277
    264      <div class="box center">
     278     <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    265279         <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/fernschreiber.jpg" width="520" height="536" alt="Teletypewriter" />
    266          <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width:520px;">
    267             Teletype from Siemens, year of manufacture 1952. Below in the picture, you can see a paper tape sender.
    268             While typing the text, it was fed into the paper tape and could be send afterwards quite fast.
    269             This is quite equal how today's e-mail clients work: They buffer the text while the user inputs
    270             it until it is send in one go, instead of streaming the keyboard input "live" to the recipient.
    271             Of course this apperature is still fully executable.
    272          </p>
    273      </div>
    274    
    275     <!-- This paragraph was replaced on 27. july 08 in favour of... -->
     280         <p class="bildtext">
     281                     <b>Siemens Teletype</b>, year of manufacture 1952
     282             </p>
     283         </div>
     284       
     285    <p>
     286            Below in the picture, you can see a paper tape sender.
     287        While typing the text, it was fed into the paper tape and could be send afterwards quite fast.
     288        This is quite equal how today's e-mail clients work: They buffer the text while the user inputs
     289        it until it is send in one go, instead of streaming the keyboard input "live" to the recipient.
     290        Of course this apperature is still fully executable.
     291    </p>
     292
     293
     294        <h2>Flexowriter</h2>
     295     <!-- This paragraph was replaced on 27. july 08 in favour of... -->
    276296     <!--
    277297     <p>Long time before, telegraph offices (about 1900), the early teleprinters (1938) and Hellschreiber (1952) were used. A demonstration shows something unbelievable: The Hellschreiber writes a dictate from a dictating machine from the early fifties without mistakes!?<br/>
     
    279299     -->
    280300     <!-- ...this paragraph: -->
    281          <div class="box center">
     301         <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    282302                <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/olympia-schreibautomat.jpg" width="629" height="242" alt="Olympia Flexowriter" />
    283                 <div class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width:629px;">
     303                <div class="bildtext">
    284304            <p>As a kind of spin-off products of the teletype
    285305               development, the electromechanical "wordprocessing systems"
  • en/communication/measurement.shtm

    r123 r140  
    1313    <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/head.inc.shtm" -->
    1414    <meta name="keywords" lang="de" content="Messtechnik, Spiegelgalvanometer, Szintillationsme&szlig;platz" />
    15     <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />
    16     <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" />
    1715    <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" />
    18     <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="22.07.2007/v5.7.23" />
    19     <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="27.07.2007/v5.7.23" />
    20     <meta name="t29.comment" content="neu: AEG-Oszi, Schulelektronikbild geaendert" />
    21     <!--changelog: 19.04.2006/v5.5BETA based on 13.04.2006/v5.4.1(De) -->
    22     <!--changelog: 19.08.2007/v5.7.5 -->
    23     <!--changelog: 15.09.2007/v5.7.8 based on 18.07.2007/v5.7FINAL: Kaiserzeit ersetzt, morsing sache auch -->
    2416</head>
    2517<body>
     
    3527-->
    3628
    37     <div class="box left">
     29    <div class="box left clear-after">
    3830         <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/experimente.jpg" alt="Some of the experimental physics devices" width="396" height="451" class="nomargin-bottom" />
    3931         <p class="bildtext">
     
    4335           <br/>We will go into detail for some of the devices shown on the left.
    4436         </p>
    45          <div class="clear"></div>
    4637    </div>
    4738
    48       <div class="box left">
    49             <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/universalmessgeraet.jpg" alt="Fotografie des Universalmeßgerätes" width="396" height="325" class="nomargin-bottom" />
     39        <h3>Galvanometer</h3> <!-- sic -->
     40       
     41      <div class="box left clear-after">
     42            <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/universalmessgeraet.jpg" alt="Fotografie des Universalmeßgerätes" width="396" height="325" />
    5043            <p class="bildtext">
    5144               This is a remarkably functional, big and beautiful all-purpose measurement device made by Siemens &amp; Halske (about 1905). At that time even simple objects of utulity were made lovely detailed. This device was used as auxiliary device for morsing purposes in the national administration of the German Empire.
    5245            </p>
    53             <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    5446      </div>
    5547     
    56       <div class="box right">
    57           <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/galvanometer.jpg" alt="Galvometers" width="321" height="275" class="nomargin-bottom" />
     48      <div class="box right clear-after">
     49          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/galvanometer.jpg" alt="Galvometers" width="321" height="275" />
    5850          <p class="bildtext">This is only an example from the early measurement technique: any galvanometer from the 20s. The lovely, sumptuous and nice design of the appearance is unmistakable, althought it is only a simple customer equipment.</p>
    59           <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    6051      </div>
    6152
    62       <div class="box left">
     53      <div class="box left clear-after">
    6354           <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/h&amp;b-galvanometer.jpg" alt="Photography of a mirror galvanometer" width="396" height="436" />
    6455           <div class="bildtext">
     
    7061             By this way very long needle lengths (multiple meters) could be simulated.
    7162             Such a galvanometer must be set up absolutely horizontally and vibration-free.
    72              <br/>The <b>Mirror Galvanometer</b> by Hartmann&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Braun is
     63             <br/>The <b>Mirror Galvanometer</b> by Hartmann&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Braun is
    7364             a simple and functional demonstration model from the 1920s.</p>
    7465           </div>
    75            <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    7666    </div>
     67       
     68        <h3>Cathode Ray Tubes</h3>
    7769
    78     <div class="box left">
     70    <div class="box left clear-after">
    7971        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/loewe-kathodenstrahl.jpg" alt="Photography of the cathode ray tube" width="396" height="189" />
    8072        <p class="bildtext">
     
    9284
    9385    <!-- paragraph: AEG Oszi. Translated/Started at 28.07.08-->
    94     <div class="box right">
    95           <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/aeg-oszi.jpg" alt="Photography of an AEG oscilloscope" width="425" height="419" class="nomargin-bottom" />
     86    <div class="box right clear-after">
     87          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/aeg-oszi.jpg" alt="Photography of an AEG oscilloscope" width="425" height="419" />
    9688                  <p class="bildtext">
    9789              After the currency reform in West Germany, the production
     
    10597              absolutely with this device, you always need reference sizes.
    10698          </p>
    107           <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    10899      </div>
    109100
    110       <div class="box left">
    111           <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/phywe-oszi.jpg" alt="Photography of a Phywe demonstration oscilloscope" width="396" height="269" class="nomargin-bottom" />
     101      <div class="box left clear-after">
     102          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/phywe-oszi.jpg" alt="Photography of a Phywe demonstration oscilloscope" width="396" height="269" />
    112103          <p class="bildtext">
    113104             The "Physikalischen Werkst&auml;tten" (<i>phsyical facilities</i>), <b>Phywe</b>,
     
    117108             were state-of-art at those days.
    118109          </p>
    119           <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    120110       </div>
     111           
     112        <h3>Radio engineering</h3>
    121113
    122     <div class="box left">
    123           <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/neva-funktechnik.jpg" alt="Photography of the Neva Experimental system" width="396" height="280" class="nomargin-bottom" />
     114    <div class="box left clear-after">
     115          <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/neva-funktechnik.jpg" alt="Photography of the Neva Experimental system" width="396" height="280" />
    124116          <p class="bildtext">With the <b>NEVA radio technology system</b>, students could
    125117            do challenging experiments like measuring the wave lengths in the VHF area
     
    127119            niedrig sind => ungefaehrlich. -->
    128120          </p>
    129           <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    130121    </div>
    131122
    132     <div class="box left">
    133         <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/digitalexperimentiersystem.jpg" alt="photography of an electronic experimental system for use in schools" width="396" height="509" class="nomargin-bottom" />
     123        <h3>Digital experience system</h3>
     124       
     125    <div class="box left clear-after">
     126        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/digitalexperimentiersystem.jpg" alt="photography of an electronic experimental system for use in schools" width="396" height="509" />
    134127        <p class="bildtext">This big white board is an experience system from
    135128          <b>Leybold</b> from the early 1970s. At that time, the subject
     
    138131          etc. This was quite fascinating for students at that time. Today, in ordinary
    139132          schools, there is no more time for electronics in the curriculars.</p>
    140         <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    141133    </div>
     134       
     135        <h3>The world of electronical calculating</h3> <!-- schleim... -->
    142136
    143     <div class="box left">
    144        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/frequenz-ereigniszaehler.jpg" alt="Photography of different frequency- and event counters" width="396" height="500" class="nomargin-bottom" />
     137    <div class="box left clear-after">
     138       <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/frequenz-ereigniszaehler.jpg" alt="Photography of different frequency- and event counters" width="396" height="500" />
    145139       <p class="bildtext"><b>Calculating requires counting</b>
    146140         <br/>Last but not least we show a composition of (frequency) counters from
     
    149143         The different counting tubes (e.g. E1T or GC10B) and the very different
    150144         display types are quite impressive.</p>
    151        <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    152145    </div>
     146       
    153147</div><!-- end of content -->
    154148<!--#include virtual="/en/inc/menu.inc.shtm" -->
  • en/communication/sound_technology.shtm

    r123 r140  
    1515    <meta name="keywords" lang="de" content="Kosmograph Diktierger&auml;t, Loewe Ferrophon III, Loewe, Diktierger&auml;t" />
    1616    <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="technikum, museum, communication, gramophone, Loewe, dictating machine" />
    17     <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />
    18     <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" />
    1917    <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" />
    20     <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="v5.8.x/10.2008" />
    21     <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="v5.8.x+1/13.10.2008" />
    22     <meta name="t29.comment" content="New: Dual 1000 gramophone automatic recorder" />
    23     <!--changelog: 26.04.2006/v5.5.1 -->
    24     <!--changelog: 19.08.2007/v5.7.5 (Überetzung/Umstrukturierung v5.7) auf Basis 19.08.2007/v5.7.1 -->
    25     <!--changelog: 27.07.2008/v5.8.0 auf Basis 22.07.2008/v5.8.0 Update: AEG-Magnetophon, Klein-Reporter W52 -->
    2618</head>
    2719<body>
     
    3022    <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>
    3123
    32     <p>It was a long way with many quaint and interesting variants until the today's CD. Trumpet gramophone, tape recorders in its history of development, (among others AEG, 39kg heavy full-track technology from 1938), Optaphon, the first mechanically controlled autoreserve (1952) until professional tape recorders from 1960 are shown. Futhermore: Wire recorders, automatical answering machines (1954), devices with "gramophone bands" where the sound was not saved magnetically but like on gramophone records (Tefifon) and many more.
    33     <br/>On this page, we have chosen one of the three dictaphones from the early office technology.</p>
     24    <p>It was a long way with many strange and interesting variants until the today's CD.
     25           Trumpet gramophone, tape recorders in its history of development, (among others
     26           AEG, 39kg heavy full-track technology from 1938), Optaphon, the first mechanically
     27           controlled autoreserve (1952) until professional tape recorders from 1960 are shown.
     28           Futhermore: Wire recorders, automatical answering machines (1954), devices with
     29           "gramophone bands" where the sound was not saved magnetically but like on
     30           gramophone records (Tefifon) and many more.
     31        </p>
     32       
     33        <h3>Dictating machines</h3>
     34        <p>As an excerpt, this is one of the dictaphones from the early office technology.</p>
    3435
    35     <p>Only the drive was electrical. The sonic oscillations were conducted through a mouthpiece and an hose made of metal and scored in the rotating disc with a kind of graver. The disc could be played back with an horn (left side of the picture) or with earphones that were connected with hoses to the pickup (left side). Of course the quality was cruel.</p>
     36    <p>Only the drive was electrical. The sonic oscillations were conducted through a
     37           mouthpiece and an hose made of metal and scored in the rotating disc with a
     38           kind of graver. The disc could be played back with an horn (left side of
     39           the picture) or with earphones that were connected with hoses to the pickup
     40           (left side). Of course the quality was cruel.</p>
    3641
    37     <div class="box center">
     42    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    3843        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/kosmograph.jpg" width="546" height="407" alt="Dictating-machine KOSMOGRAPH" />
    39         <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 546px;">Dictating-machine <b>KOSMOGRAPH</b> from the dictating machine factury of Dresden (1935)</p>
     44        <p class="bildtext">
     45                    Dictating-machine <b>KOSMOGRAPH</b> from the dictating machine factury of Dresden (1935)
     46                </p>
    4047    </div>
     48       
     49       
     50        <h3>Rare tape recorders</h3>
    4151
    42     <div class="box center">
     52    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    4353        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/aeg-magnetophon.jpg" alt="Photography of the AEG Magnetophon" width="546" height="407" />
    44         <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 546px;">
    45             <!-- Paragraph translated: 27.07.08 19:00-->
    46             Tape recorders that are built before 1952 are technically very interesting and nowadays very rare. The <b>AEG Magnetophon AW 1</b> was built in 1948/49 with the state of art of 1939. The auxiliary case contains amplifiers for recording and replay as well as a loud speaker. On the original tape that is pictured in the photography, one can listen to a german carneval convention <!-- sic! --> recorded in the early 1950s. At that time the device was too expensive for private customers.
     54        <p class="bildtext">
     55            Tape recorders that are built before 1952 are technically very interesting
     56                        and nowadays very rare. The <b>AEG Magnetophon AW 1</b> was built in 1948/49
     57                        with the state of art of 1939. The auxiliary case contains amplifiers for
     58                        recording and replay as well as a loud speaker. On the original tape that
     59                        is pictured in the photography, one can listen to a german carneval
     60                        convention <!-- sic! --> recorded in the early 1950s. At that time the
     61                        device was too expensive for private customers.
    4762        </p>
    4863    </div>
    4964
    50     <div class="box center">
     65    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    5166        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/loewe_opta.jpg" alt="Ferrophon IIIc/3" width="546" height="405" />
    52         <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 546px;">A radio reporter in 1951 had to be a strong guy to carry the Ferrophon around. This semi-professional tape recorder of Loewe Opta Radio AG Type "Ferrophon IIIc/3" was hardly affordable for the non-commercial user. The replay quality is excellent (max. tape speed of 76cm/sec!) and likewise the used components (a lot of copper parts) which was rare in the early past war years.
    53         Including a match box in the picture helps to visualize the physical size of this recorder combination. </p>
     67        <p class="bildtext">
     68                    A radio reporter in 1951 had to be a strong guy to carry the Ferrophon
     69                        around. This semi-professional tape recorder of Loewe Opta Radio AG Type
     70                        "Ferrophon IIIc/3" was hardly affordable for the non-commercial user. The
     71                        replay quality is excellent (max. tape speed of 76cm/sec!) and likewise
     72                        the used components (a lot of copper parts) which was rare in the early
     73                        past war years.
     74                </p>
    5475    </div>
     76       
     77        <h3>Shellac <!-- sic! rarely: shellack --> disc changer</h3>
    5578
    5679    <div class="box center">
    5780        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/schellackplattenspieler.jpg" alt="Automatic recorder changer for shellac records" width="546" height="343" />
    58         <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 546px;">
    59            <!-- paragraph translated: 13.10.2008 01:25 -->
    60            Gramophone records are used as sound storage media for quite a long time. After all, in the 1950s, the shellac records were invented. Breakage was very common in this era, until it was displaced by the vinyl records. Automatic record changers were quite rare in the shellac era. The photography above shows the <b>"Dual 1000"</b>, built in 1951/52. The slowly moving pick-up arm while record changing demonstrates the way of listening music at that time.
    61            At first this device used the old steel needles that decreased in quality after only three records, until sapphire styluses were invented.
    62         </p>
    63     </div>
     81        </div>
     82       
     83        <p>
     84            Gramophone records were used as sound storage media for quite a long time.
     85                After all, in the 1950s, the shellac records were invented. Breakage was
     86                very common in this era, until it was displaced by the vinyl records.
     87                Automatic record changers were quite rare in the shellac era. The photography
     88                above shows the <b>"Dual 1000"</b>, built in 1951/52. The slowly moving
     89                pick-up arm while record changing demonstrates the way of listening music
     90                at that time.
     91        At first this device used the old steel needles that decreased in quality
     92                after only three records, until sapphire styluses were invented.
     93    </p>
    6494
    65     <div class="box center">
     95       
     96        <h3>Wire recording devices</h3> <!-- von Drahtton => Wikipedia -->
     97       
     98    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    6699        <a href="/en/devices/schaub-lorenz-supraphon.shtm" name="backlink-supraphon" title="See a More detailed photography"><img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/schaub-lorenz-supraphon.jpg" alt="Schaub Lorenz Supraphon" width="546" height="561" /></a>
    67         <div class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 546px">
    68             <b>(Schaub-)Lorenz Supraphon</b>, year of manufacture 1952.
    69             <p>This device uses wires as sound storage media. Thus an hour of music fits into the small coil shown on the right side of device. This is the advantage of using steel wire: It doesn't need much space. The quality of sound was quite suitable, but the flimsy wire was always in danger of tearing.
    70             <br/>With this device, you could also listen to a shellac record (78 RPM) while record concurrently to wire.</p>
    71             <p>The era of devices using wires to store sound began before the second world war but was already finished at 1965. In this time, tape recorders conquered the market.<br/>Clicking on the picture will show <a href="/en/devices/schaub-lorenz-supraphon.shtm" class="go">a larger and more detailed version</a>.</p>
    72 
    73             <!-- start of Paragraph "Klein-Reporter W 52", translated 27.07.2008 -->
    74             <p>Among others, dictating machines also used wires as sound storage media. Thus they could be built quite compactly. The width of a wire tape is only 7cm (about 1.5 inch), but it records about 100 minutes.</p>
    75 
    76             <p><img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/reichhalter.diktiergeraet.jpg" width="546" height="222" alt="Photography of the Klein-Reporter"/>
    77                </p>
    78             <div class="clear"></div>
    79 
    80             <p>The <b>Klein-Reporter W 52</b> (translated literally "small reporter") was made by the german firm REICHHALTER, year of manufacture 1952. On the record which is pictured in the photography one can listen to an original reading about the allied powers in Germany after the World War II. This record is at least 55 years old! Apparently the magnetization of the wire is still very good. </p>
    81             <!-- end of Paragraph "Klein reporter ..." -->
    82         </div>
    83     </div>
     100                <p class="bildtext">
     101                    <b>(Schaub-) Lorenz Supraphon</b>
     102                </p>
     103        </div>
     104       
     105        <p>
     106            This device (year of manufacture 1952) uses wires as sound storage media.
     107                An hour of music fits into the small coil shown on the right side of
     108                device. This is the advantage of using steel wire: It doesn't need much
     109                space. The quality of sound was almost tolerable, but the flimsy wire was
     110                always in danger of tearing.
     111        </p>
     112        <p>
     113        With this device, you could also listen to a shellac record (78 RPM) while
     114                recording it concurrently to wire. The era of devices using wires to store
     115                sound began before the second world war but was already finished at 1965.
     116                In this time, tape recorders conquered the market.
     117                Clicking on the picture will show <a href="/en/devices/schaub-lorenz-supraphon.shtm"
     118                class="go">a larger and more detailed version</a>.
     119        </p>
     120        <p>
     121        Among others, dictating machines also used wires as sound storage media. Thus
     122                they could be built quite compactly. The width of a wire tape is only 7cm
     123                about 1.5 inch), but it records about 100 minutes. The <b>Klein-Reporter W 52</b>
     124                (translated literally "small reporter"), shown below, was made by the german
     125                company REICHHALTER, year of manufacture 1952. On the record tape (as shown
     126                in the photography) you can listen to an original law lecture about the allied
     127                powers in Germany after the World War II.
     128        </p>
     129        <div class="box center">
     130        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/reichhalter.diktiergeraet.jpg" width="546" height="222" alt="Photography of the Klein-Reporter"/>
     131        </div>
     132        <p>
     133        This record is at least 55 years old. Apparently the magnetization of the wire
     134                is still very good.
     135        </p>
    84136
    85137</div><!-- end of content -->
  • en/communication/television.shtm

    r121 r140  
    1515    <meta name="keywords" lang="de" content="Fernsehen, Videorekorder, Saba, Ampex, Saba Schauinsland W II, Ampex VR 650" />
    1616    <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="technikum, communication, television, video recorder, saba, ampex, vr 650" />
    17     <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />
    18     <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" />
    19     <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="18.07.2007/v5.7.1" />
    20     <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="19.08.2007/v5.7.5" />
    21     <!--changelog: 26.04.2006/v5.5.1 -->
     17        <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" />
    2218</head>
    2319<body>
     
    2622    <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>
    2723
    28     <div class="box left">
     24    <div class="box left clear-after">
    2925        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/ausschnitt-fernsehraum.jpg" alt="Extract from the television area" width="396" height="297" class="nomargin-bottom" />
    3026        <div class="bildtext" style="padding-top: 147px;">Extract from the television room</div>
    31         <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    3227    </div>
    3328
    34     <p>In 1952, television was a sensation and only affordable by paying several monthly salaries. Many still working televisions from 1952 to 1956 (of course black and white, one programme!) show how television was watched in its early time. You can also see the former East Germany's <!-- GDR --> first television (round picture tube), "colored television" (by using a foil) and projection systems from the early fifties.</p>
     29    <p>In 1952, television was a sensation and only affordable by paying several
     30           monthly salaries. Many still working televisions from 1952 to 1956 (of
     31           course black and white, one programme!) show how television was watched
     32           in its early time. You can also see the former East Germany's <!-- GDR -->
     33           first television (round picture tube), "colored television" (by using a
     34           foil) and projection systems from the early fifties.
     35        </p>
    3536
    36     <div class="box center">
     37    <div class="box left clear-after">
    3738        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/saba.schauinsland.jpg" alt="Saba Schauinsland WII" width="420" height="310" />
    38         <p class="bildtext">One of the first television recievers from the postwar period is the <strong>Saba Schauinsland WII</strong>. In 1954 people crowded together in front of the showcase from a radio shop for watching the soccer world championship just out of the 36cm-picture tube installed in this apparature.</p>
     39        <p class="bildtext">
     40                    One of the first television recievers from the postwar period is
     41                        the <b>Saba Schauinsland WII</b>. In 1954 people crowded together
     42                        in front of the showcase from a radio shop for watching the soccer
     43                        world championship just out of the 36cm-picture tube installed in
     44                        this device.
     45                </p>
    3946    </div>
    4047
    41     <div class="box left">
     48    <div class="box left clear-after">
    4249        <a href="/en/devices/saba-telerama.shtm" name="backlink-telerama" title="Erläuterung und Bild der Telerama-Projektion anschauen"><img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/saba_telerama.jpg" alt="Saba Telerama" width="360" height="466" /></a>
    4350        <div class="bildtext">
     
    4552            <p>Since 1956, the German company SABA produced projection TV-sets. The advertisements said you could even watch television in light rooms which are not shaded. This promise was exaggerated: Only with a special projection screen (made by Saba) which reflects the light primarily in one direction, you can see a sufferable image. Clicking on the picture will show you an <a href="/en/devices/saba-telereama.shtm" class="go">explanation of the Telerama projection technology.</a></p>
    4653            <p>On the right hand in the background you can see a multifunctional device made by Nordmende to see television, hear to broadcasting and gramophone records. On the left the concurrency device with the same features made by Telefunken. They are both made in 1954.</p>
    47         </div>
    48         <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
     54            </div>
    4955    </div>
    5056
    51     <div class="box left">
    52         <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/sony_kp5010.jpg" alt="Fotografie vom Sony KP 5010" width="360" height="466" class="nomargin-bottom" />
    53         <div class="bildtext"><b>Sony KP 5010</b>
    54         <p>This is the world's first rear projection colour television set. It was built in the early 1970s and does not yet use ICs but transistors (second generation).</p>
    55         <!-- 2 Grundfarben kommt nicht, weil die englischen Besucher nicht das technikum29 besuchen werden -->
     57    <div class="box left clear-after">
     58        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/sony_kp5010.jpg" alt="Fotografie vom Sony KP 5010" width="360" height="466" />
     59        <div class="bildtext">
     60                    <b>Sony KP 5010</b>
     61            <p>This is the world's first rear projection colour television set. It was built in the early 1970s and does not yet use ICs but transistors (second generation).</p>
     62            <!-- 2 Grundfarben kommt nicht, weil die englischen Besucher nicht das technikum29 besuchen werden -->
     63        </div>
    5664        </div>
    57         <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
     65
     66    <div class="box left clear-after">
     67        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken.tp1005.jpg" alt="Fotografie des Telefunken Bildplattenspielers TP1005" width="360" height="236" />
     68        <p class="bildtext">Furthermore we demonstrate executable heavy video recorders with 1- or as well 2-inch tapes (Ampex, Grundig, Philips) and players for optical videodisks which are quite awesome. In 1975 the Telefunken optical videodisc player <b>TP 1005</b> (picture on the right) came on the market. A mechanically driven micro-diamond scanned the optical videodisks. Unfortunately the system did not get recognition any more because the disks stores only ten minutes of video.</p>
    5869    </div>
    5970
    60     <div class="box left">
    61         <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken.tp1005.jpg" alt="Fotografie des Telefunken Bildplattenspielers TP1005" width="360" height="236" class="nomargin-bottom" />
    62         <p class="bildtext">Furthermore we demonstrate executable heavy video recorders with 1- or as well 2-inch tapes (Ampex, Grundig, Philips) and players for optical videodisks which are quite awesome. In 1975 the Telefunken optical videodisc player <b>TP 1005</b> (picture on the right) came on the market. A mechanically driven micro-diamond scanned the optical videodisks. Unfortunately the system did not get recognition any more because the disks stores only ten minutes of video.</p>
    63         <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    64     </div>
    65 
    66     <div class="box center">
     71    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    6772        <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/ampex.vr650.jpg" alt="AMPEX VR 650" width="600" height="369" />
    6873        <p class="bildtext"><b>AMPEX VR 650</b>, an early bulky transportable video unit from Ampex, equipped with 2-inch tapes from 1964. It was the first transistorized apparature made by Ampex, featuring germanium transistors. Of course the device was not intended for privat use. Although it was versatile, hospitals often recorded radiographies with this apparature.</p>
  • en/computer/analog.shtm

    r128 r140  
    1313
    1414    <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/head.inc.shtm" -->
    15     <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />
    1615    <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" />
    17     <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="20.12.2008/v5.8.x" />
    18     <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="20.12.2008/v5.8.x+1" />
    19     <!--changelog: 26.04.2006/v5.5.1, Original 2005/v4.1.1 -->
    20     <!--changelog: 21.08.2007/v5.7.5 Original: 18.07.2007/v5.7FINAL:v5.7 Änderungen (Struktur), Synchronisation der Übersetzung -->
    21     <!--changelog: 09.09.2007/v5.7.6, Original: 08.09.2007/v5.7.6: EAI 185/180 + DO 240 neu -->
    22     <meta name="t29.comment" content="New top pagaragphs translation, +ETA" />
    2316</head>
    2417<body>
     
    7164    </div>
    7265
    73     <div class="box left" style="margin-top: 0;">
     66    <div class="box left clear-after" style="margin-top: 0;">
    7467       <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/heathkit-ausschnitt.jpg" alt=" Heathkit Analog Computers H1" width="247" height="179" class="nomargin-bottom"/>
    7568       <div class="bildtext">
     
    8073          promition of industrial and technological history)</a>.
    8174       </div>
    82        <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    8375    </div>
    8476
    85     <div class="box left">       
     77    <div class="box left clear-after">   
    8678        <h3>Heathkit Analog Computer EC-1</h3>
    8779        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/heathkit EC-1.jpg" width="365" height="256" alt="Heathkit EC-1" />
     
    9385           inexactly to be used for real computing.
    9486           <br/>This device costed around 1.900 DM (about 900 Euro/500US$) </p>
    95 
    96         <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    9787    </div>
    9888
     
    128118
    129119    <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    130     <div class="box center">
    131         <h3>EAI 180 digital-anlog computer</h3>
     120        <!-- Yay, strange layout... -->
     121               
     122    <h3>EAI 180 and EAI 185 digital-anlog computer</h3>
    132123     
    133             <p><b>EAI 180</b> from "Electronic Associates Incorporated",
    134             New Jersey, is a so called <b>hybrid computer</b>  (hybris [greek]: From twofold parentage), year of manufacture 1970. It contains the parts of an analoge computer and these from a digital computer. The device is equipped with IC's from the first generation (DTL-technology). The calculation circuit is plugged with cables on the front panel. The cycle time from the analoge part can be set to less than 10ms. With that parameter, an equation will be solved at least 100 times per second. So you can watch the output with a simple oscilloscope.<br><br>
    135             </p>
    136        
     124    <p><b>EAI 180</b> from "Electronic Associates Incorporated",
     125       New Jersey, is a so called <b>hybrid computer</b>  (hybris [greek]: From twofold parentage), year of manufacture 1970. It contains the parts of an analoge computer and these from a digital computer. The device is equipped with IC's from the first generation (DTL-technology). The calculation circuit is plugged with cables on the front panel. The cycle time from the analoge part can be set to less than 10ms. With that parameter, an equation will be solved at least 100 times per second. So you can watch the output with a simple oscilloscope.<br><br>
     126    </p>
     127
     128    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">   
    137129        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/eai180.jpg" width="545" height="435" alt="EAI 180 hybrid computer" />
     130                <p class="bildtext"><b>EAI 180 hybrid computer</b></p>
    138131    </div>
     132       
     133        <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     134        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/eai,185.jpg" width="545" height="535" style="float:none" alt="EAI 185 Hybridrechner" />
     135                <p class="bildtext"><b>EAI 185 hyprid computer</b></p>
     136        </div>
    139137
    140         <div class="box center" style="margin-bottom: 30px;">
    141             <h3>EAI 185</h3>
    142             <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/eai,185.jpg" width="545" height="535" style="float:none" alt="EAI 185 Hybridrechner" />
    143         </div>
     138        <p>
     139        The EAI 185 is almost exactly the same as the EAI 180 (shown in the photo above). The
     140        only difference is the stage of expansion &ndash; you will notice that the EAI 185 is
     141        much more taller than the EAI 180.
     142        They were both used in the applied physics and informatics of German Technical Universities.
     143    </p>
    144144
    145         <p>
    146              The EAI 185 is almost exactly the same as the EAI 180 (shown in the photo above). The
    147              only difference is the stage of expansion &ndash; you will notice that the EAI 185 is
    148              much more taller than the EAI 180.
    149              They were both used in the applied physics and informatics of German Technical Universities.
    150         </p>
    151         <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
     145
     146    <h3>Dornier DO 240 analog computer</h3>   
    152147   
    153    
    154     <div class="box left">
    155         <h3 class="center">Dornier DO 240</h3>
     148    <div class="box left clear-after">
    156149         <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/do_240.jpg" alt="Dornier DO 240" width="424" height="412"/>
    157150         <p class="bildtext">
     
    164157             This computer was built in the early 1970s and was priced at 80.000 DM (about 40.000 euro/dollar)
    165158         </p>
    166          <div class="clear"></div>
    167159    </div>
    168160
     161        <h3>(Cylindrical) slide rules</h3>
    169162    <div class="box center">
    170         <h3 class="center">(Cylindrical) slide rules</h3>
    171          <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/rechenschieber.jpg"
     163        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/rechenschieber.jpg"
    172164          alt="Slide rule (slipstick) and Cylindrical slide rule" width="694" height="161"/>
    173          <p>
    174              Last but not least a mechanical analog computer that was used up to
    175              the 1970s for scientific calculations without hand and desk calculators.
    176              <br/>The picture above displays a 1.8m long demo slide rule
    177              made of wood (1950s) that was used in schools for students since the
    178              10th grade. Compared to hand calculators, these analog computers
    179              also had some advantages: Students could not give absurd computing
    180              precisions, these "computers" were cheap and quite fast. The big
    181              disadvantage was that adding and subtracting was not possible at all.
    182              <br/>To get higher precisions in the 1920s, there was this
    183              "Cylindrical slide rule". This 60cm NESTLER device can be compared
    184              to an ordinary slide rule measuring 12.50m.
    185           </p>
    186      </div>
     165    </div>
     166       
     167    <p>
     168        Last but not least a mechanical analog computer that was used up to
     169        the 1970s for scientific calculations without hand and desk calculators.
     170        <br/>The picture above displays a 1.8m long demo slide rule
     171        made of wood (1950s) that was used in schools for students since the
     172        10th grade. Compared to hand calculators, these analog computers
     173        also had some advantages: Students could not give absurd computing
     174        precisions, these "computers" were cheap and quite fast. The big
     175        disadvantage was that adding and subtracting was not possible at all.
     176        <br/>To get higher precisions in the 1920s, there was this
     177        "Cylindrical slide rule". This 60cm NESTLER device can be compared
     178        to an ordinary slide rule measuring 12.50m.
     179        </p>
    187180
    188181</div><!-- end of content -->
  • en/computer/commercial.shtm

    • Property svn:keywords changed from analog.shtm to Id
    r124 r140  
    1313
    1414    <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/head.inc.shtm" -->
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    18     <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id: commercial.shtm 121 2009-11-04 23:11:29Z heribert $" />
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    21     <meta name="t29.comment" content="Mit v5.7.5 neueingeführt, Initialübersetzung von de" />
    22     <!--t29: v5.7.5: komplett B.Ulmann-Übersetzung -->
    23     <!--t29: v5.7.später: Sync (NCR-Rechner-Bild Dimensionen geaendert, Heribert; Link zu Extraseite) -->
    24    
     15    <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" />
    2516</head>
    2617<body>
     
    3122    <p>In contrast to computers used for scientific applications, commercial data processing systems have a different structure since they are optimized to support large storage systems and to process lots of data like in payroll applications and the like. Sometimes the distinction between scientific and commercial systems is not a clear one. The examples below are typical small to medium systems for commercial applications.</p>
    3223
    33     <div class="box right">
     24        <h3>Olivetti P 203</h3>
     25    <div class="box right clear-after">
    3426       <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/olivetti_p203.jpg" alt="Olivetti P203" width="406" height="378" />
    3527       <div class="bildtext">
    36           <b>Olivetti P 203</b>
    3728          <p>In 1968 the Olivetti P 101 with enlarged memory capacity was coupled with an electric type writer which led to a system capable of printing the results of computations directly. This system is of a remarkable design and won quite some prices for Olivetti in its time. The following machines made by Olivetti departed from that and were packaged in simple cubic enclosures.</p>
    3829        </div>
    39        <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    4030    </div>
    41    
     31
     32    <h3>NCR 446</h3>   
    4233    <div class="box center">
    4334        <a href="/en/devices/ncr446.shtm" name="ncr-backlink"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ncr-rechner.jpg" alt="Photography of the NCR 446" width="670" height="502" /></a>
    44         <div class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 670px;">
    45             <p>Apart from desktop calculators other small computer systems were introduced to solve commercial problems. The <b>NCR 446</b> on display is a so called accounting machine and consists of a paper tape reader and punch, a keyboard and an IBM selectric typewriter as printer. It was built 1968 in Germany. Due to its core memory and woven ROM the machine is freely programmable and thus very versatile.
    46             <br/>Clicking on the picture yields a <href="/en/devices/ncr446.shtm">more detailed picture</a></p>
     35        </div>
     36       
     37    <p>Apart from desktop calculators other small computer systems were introduced to solve commercial problems. The <b>NCR 446</b> on display is a so called accounting machine and consists of a paper tape reader and punch, a keyboard and an IBM selectric typewriter as printer. It was built 1968 in Germany. Due to its core memory and woven ROM the machine is freely programmable and thus very versatile.
     38       <br/>Clicking on the picture yields a <href="/en/devices/ncr446.shtm">more detailed picture</a></p>
    4739        <!-- das war B.Ulmann. Meine Übersetzung (alt):
    4840        <img src="/shared/photos/start/ncr_rechner.jpg" alt="NCR-Rechner" style="margin-right: 25px" />
     
    5446           program freely (even scienteficially).</div>
    5547        -->
    56         </div>
    57     </div>
    5848
    59      <div class="box center">
    60          <a href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.shtm" name="backlink-nixdorf" title="Zur Detailaufnahme der Nixdorf 820-Anlage"><img src="/shared/photos/start/nixdorf_820.jpg" alt="Nixdorf 820 Computer" width="670" height="270" /></a>
    61          <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 670px;">
    62               A typical small to medium data processing system is the <b>NIXDORF 820</b> built in 1969/1970. This system is built entirely from modules, has a magnetic account reader and a <a href="storage-media.shtm#threading-rom">threading ROM</a> which was user modifyable. The console consists of a typewriter, the magnetic account reader and two punch card readers. In addition to this the system supports a card punching unit, a high speed matrix printer (visible on the right), two cassette tape drives and a stand alone card puncher (IBM or YUKI, see above). Clicking on the picture will yield <a class="go" href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.shtm">a more detailed version</a> of it.
    63          </p>
    64     </div>
    65 
     49    <h3>NIXDORF 820</h3>
     50        <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     51        <a href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.shtm" name="backlink-nixdorf" title="Zur Detailaufnahme der Nixdorf 820-Anlage"><img src="/shared/photos/start/nixdorf_820.jpg" alt="Nixdorf 820 Computer" width="670" height="270" /></a>
     52                <p class="bildtext"><b>Nixdorf 820</b> with card puncher and printer</p>
     53        </div>
     54       
     55        <p>A typical small to medium data processing system is the <b>NIXDORF 820</b> built in 1969/1970. This system is built entirely from modules, has a magnetic account reader and a <a href="storage-media.shtm#threading-rom">threading ROM</a> which was user modifyable. The console consists of a typewriter, the magnetic account reader and two punch card readers. In addition to this the system supports a card punching unit, a high speed matrix printer (visible on the right), two cassette tape drives and a stand alone card puncher (IBM or YUKI, see above). Clicking on the picture will yield <a class="go" href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.shtm">a more detailed version</a> of it.</p>
    6656
    6757</div><!-- end of content -->
  • en/computer/early-computers.shtm

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    r125 r140  
    1414    <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/head.inc.shtm" -->
    1515    <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="technikum29, early computers, DEC PDP, WANG 2200" />
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    19     <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="18.07.2007/v5.7FINAL" />
    20     <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="22.08.2008/v5.8FINAL" />
    21     <meta name="t29.comments" content="Link to new DEC-HISTORY page" />
    22     <!--changleog: 27.04.2006/v5.5.1 auf Basis 2005/v5.5.1 -->
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    24         <!--changelog: 28.07.2008/v5.8.0 auf Basis 18.07.2007/v5.7FINAL:  details 2 paragraph formulierung -->
     16    <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" />
    2517</head>
    2618<body>
     
    3022
    3123    <p>Today's kids think of the latest mobile devices when talking about "mini computers". In contrast, in the 1960s and the early 70s, a computer was always huge (like our <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC mainframe</a>), thus a 300kg computer was "mini". Early computers are well worth seeing due to their enormous size and the nice transparent auxillary devices.
    32     <br />There is a very important computer family that finally lead to today's (personal) computers: The development of the "Mini" computers from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), series PDP&nbsp;8. The museum owns a complete production run from that devices: From the PDP&nbsp;8 (also called Classic&nbsp;8), year of manufacture 1965 to the PDP&nbsp;8a (1975, this one is less important so it is located in the archive).
    33          <br/>For further reading see the story about <a class="go" name="backlink-dec" href="/en/devices/dec-history.shtm">Rise and Fall of DIGITAL (Equipment Corporation)</a>.
     24       <br />There is a very important computer family that finally lead to today's (personal) computers: The development of the "Mini" computers from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), series PDP&nbsp;8. The museum owns a complete production run from that devices: From the PDP&nbsp;8 (also called Classic&nbsp;8), year of manufacture 1965 to the PDP&nbsp;8a (1975, this one is less important so it is located in the archive).
     25           <br/>For further reading see the story about <a class="go" name="backlink-dec" href="/en/devices/dec-history.shtm">Rise and Fall of DIGITAL (Equipment Corporation)</a>.
    3426        </p>
    3527   
     
    3830    <br />THe PDP 8L, a trimmed-down version of the PDP 8I, cannot hold more than 8 kB.</p> -->
    3931
    40     <div class="box center">
     32        <h3>Classic PDP 8</h3>
     33    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    4134       <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/classic8,594px.jpg" width="594" height="704" alt="PDP 8 Classic" />
    42        <p class="bildtext">
     35       <p class="bildtext"><b>PDP 8</b> with tape deck TU 580, paper tape reader and hard disc</p>
     36        </div>
     37       
     38        <p>
    4339         One of the museal highlights: The complete PDP 8 system with processor,
    4440         big tape deck TU 580 (originally belongs to the PDP 5, year of manufacture
     
    5248         <br/>You can also get a view from the "Flip-Chip"-card from the <a class="go" href="/en/devices/pdp-8-left-flank.shtm">left flank</a>
    5349         (<u>flank</u>). The core memory is set above (storage capacity 4kB).-->
    54        </p>
    55     </div>
     50    </p>
    5651
    57     <div class="box left">
     52    <div class="box left clear-after">
    5853        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp8i.jpg" alt="DEC PDP 8I" width="400" height="666" />
    5954        <div class="bildtext">
     
    7065             Calcomp 563 plotter (at the top) and of course a teletype (not in the picture).</p>
    7166        </div>
    72         <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    7367    </div>
    7468
    75     <div class="box left">
     69    <div class="box left clear-after">
    7670        <a href="/en/devices/lab_8e.shtm" name="lab8e"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/lab8e.jpg" width="400" height="461" alt="LAB 8e" class="nomargin-bottom" /></a>
    7771        <!-- other picture -->
     
    9084            </ul>
    9185        </div>
    92         <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    9386    </div>
    9487
    95 
     88    <h3>WANG 2200 with bulky peripheral hardware</h3>
    9689    <p>Furthermore the first system that looks like a today's computer is connected: <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang2200.shtm">WANG 2200</a>, year of manufacture 1973. The computer with so much peripheral devices is propably unique in Germany. The periphery: paper tape reader, reader for stacked cards, 8-inch triple disc drive, disc system with 38cm big disks (the device has a weight of 100kg and costed 24.000,- DM whereas it only saved 5MB), special basic-keyboard, etc.</p>
    9790    <p>WANG quickly recognized that the future of computers needed screens. However the concurrent HP built his
  • en/computer/electro-mechanical.shtm

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    r124 r140  
    1515    <meta name="keywords" lang="de" content="Elektromechanische Rechenmaschienen, Mechanische Rechenmaschienen, Madas, Curta I, Diehl VSR-18" />
    1616    <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="technikum, calculator, electromechanical, mechanical calculator, madas, curta I, diehl VSR-18" />
    17     <meta name="DC.Title" content="Technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />
    18     <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" />
    19     <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id" />
    20     <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="10.2008" />
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    22     <meta name="t29.changelog" content="New: Burroughs" />
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    2618</head>
    2719<body>
     
    3729    When the handwheel was replaced by an electric engine, the era of mechanical calculators began.</p>
    3830
    39     <div class="box center">
     31    <div class="box left clear-after">
    4032        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/burroughs.jpg" width="447" height="606" alt="Borroughs Mod.2" />
    4133        <p class="bildtext">
     
    4335           The first printing calculating machine was invented in the USA (about 1905) and was selled worldwide. It features a complete keyboard for 17 digits, a printing unit and a long carriage for the sheet paper. The device could be used as a simple electronic accounting machine. At that time the engines could already be built just compact enough for such a device. Anyway, the (for today's circumstances) huge engine had to be placed below the device (on the right hand side in the picture). The sack below the engine is intended for collecting the leakage oil.
    4436        </p>
    45 
    4637    </div>
    4738
     
    5445    positional notation.</p>
    5546
    56     <div class="box center">
    57         <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/madas.jpg" width="498" height="255" alt="Madas Rechenmaschiene" />
     47    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     48        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/madas1.jpg" width="600" height="373" alt="Madas Rechenmaschiene" />
    5849        <p class="bildtext">Shown above: MADAS, an electromechanical calculator from 1927
    59         made by the calculating machine factury "Egli AG" in Zurich. On the left side you see
    60         CURTA I, in the background an old matchbox that shows the enormous size of these
    61         machines.</p>
     50        made by the calculating machine factury "Egli AG" in Zurich.
     51                Since multiplying and dividing needs some time, the inventors installed a small bell (at the upper
     52                left) that rings after the calculation has finished.</p>
    6253    </div>
    6354
    64     <div class="box center">
    65         <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/rheinmetall-superautomat.jpg" width="496" height="372" alt="Rheinmetall Superautomat" />
     55    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     56        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/rheinmetall.jpg" width="600" height="499" alt="Rheinmetall Superautomat" />
    6657        <p class="bildtext">1932 Rheinmetall extended an adding machine with an "annex",
    6758          thus they made a 4-species calculating machine.
     
    7061
    7162
    72     <div class="box center">
    73         <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/diehl_vsr-18.jpg" width="469" height="360" alt="DIEHL VSR-18" />
     63    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     64        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/diehl-vsr18.jpg" width="500" height="375" alt="DIEHL VSR-18" />
    7465        <p class="bildtext"><b>DIEHL VSR-18</b>, one of many mechanical calculators
    7566        built between 1955 and 1965.
  • en/computer/electron-tubes.shtm

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    1616    <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="technikum29, electron tubes, Anita, Bell Punch Co" />
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  • en/computer/gamma10.shtm

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    99   --><!--#set var="prev_title"   value="BULL GAMMA 3"
    10    --><!--#set var="next"         value="punchcard.shtm"
    11    --><!--#set var="next_title"   value="Peripheral punch card devices"
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     11   --><!--#set var="next_title"   value="UNIVAC 9200"
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    1313
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    1917<body>
     
    2220    <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>
    2321
    24     <div class="box center">
    25       <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-gamma-10.jpg"
    26            alt="BULL GAMMA 10" width="640" height="390" />
    27       <p class="bildtext">
     22    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     23        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-gamma-10.jpg"
     24             alt="BULL GAMMA 10" width="640" height="390" />
     25                <p class="bildtext"><b>BULL Gamma 10 electronic data processing system</b></p>
     26        </div>
     27       
     28        <p>
    2829        In 1963 BULL (General Electric) presented the BULL GAMMA 10 (G10)
    2930        which was intended for commercial purpose and puchcard
     
    4748        is quite slow &ndash; the Univac 9400 is capable of
    4849        printing more than 1000 lines per minute.
    49       </p>
    50     </div>
     50    </p>
    5151
    52     <div class="box center">
     52    <div class="box center manuelle-bildbreite" style="width: 650px;">
    5353        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-gamma-10-offen.jpg" alt="BULL GAMMA 10 without panels" style="float:left;" width="367" height="360" />
    5454        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/gamma-10-von-hinten.jpg" alt="BULL GAMMA 10 from the back" style="float:right;" width="268" height="360" />
    5555        <div class="clear"></div>
    56         <p class="bildtext">
     56               
     57                <p class="bildtext"><b>Gamma 10 uncovered</b></p>
     58        </div>
     59       
     60        <p>
    5761          The chassis is metallic bright and glossy. It is clearly arranged
    5862          and therefore the machine is quite easy to maintain.
     
    6165          complete mechanics works again. After tuning the temperature
    6266          of the heated core memory and switching some defect
    63           transistors, we can already execte a program for duplicating
    64           punch cards, as well as the first mathematical programs.
    65           That's really sensational for such an old computer.
    66         </p>
    67     </div>
     67          transistors, we can already execte a program for duplicating
     68          punch cards, as well as the first mathematical programs.
     69          That's really sensational for such an old computer.
     70    </p>
    6871
     72        <!-- Idiotisch - den selben Absatz unten nochmal uebersetzt, sogar mit Bild -->
     73        <!--
    6974    <div class="box left">
    7075         <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/modul-gamma10.jpg"
     
    7984         <div class="clear"></div>
    8085    </div>
     86        -->
    8187
    82     <div class="box left">
     88    <div class="box left clear-after">
    8389        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/steuerpult.jpg"
    8490            alt="A part from the control panel" width="485" height="379" />
     
    95101           tubes.
    96102        </p>
    97         <div class="clear"></div>
    98103    </div>
    99104
    100     <div class="box left">
     105    <div class="box left clear-after">
    101106        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/modul-gamma10.jpg"
    102107           alt="Picture of a typical BULL GAMMA 10 module (board)"
     
    119124           <br/>Printer: 105.000,- DM (about 50.000,- Euro, Dollar)
    120125        </p>
    121         <div class="clear"></div>
    122126     </div>
    123127
     
    132136        soon.</p>
    133137
    134      <div class="box left">
     138     <div class="box left clear-after">
    135139        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anelex-drucker.jpg"
    136140          alt="ANELEX high speed printer" width="485" height="423" />
  • en/computer/gamma3.shtm

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    2220    <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2>
    2321
    24     <div class="box left">
     22    <div class="box left clear-after">
    2523      <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-gamma-3.jpg"
    2624           alt="The BULL GAMMA 3, closed state" width="156" height="210" />
     
    5250        temporary digital states.
    5351      </p>
    54       <div class="clear"></div>
    5552    </div>
    5653   
    57     <div class="box center">
    58       <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-gamma3.jpg"
    59            alt="BULL GAMMA 3 Innen" width="692" height="565" />
    60       <p class="bildtext">
     54    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     55        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-gamma3.jpg"
     56             alt="BULL GAMMA 3 Innen" width="692" height="565" />
     57            <p class="bildtext"><b>Tubes over Tubes: BULL Gamma 3</b></p>
     58        </div>
     59       
     60        <p>
    6161        The modules could be folded out, hence the calculator is quite
    6262        service friendly. Two big fans circulate fresh air thorught the
     
    6969        directly by the GAMMA 3. The output is transfered back to the
    7070        printing unit from the Tabulating Machine.
    71       </p>
    72     </div>
     71    </p>
    7372
    74     <div class="box left">
     73    <div class="box left clear-after">
    7574      <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/gamma-3-netzteil.jpg"
    7675        alt="BULL GAMMA 3 power supply" width="350" height="527" />
     
    9392        At the left side you see dozens of electrolytic capacitors.
    9493      </p>
    95       <div class="clear"></div>
    9694    </div>
    9795
  • en/computer/ic-technology.shtm

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    23     <!--changelog: v5.7.5: WANG 700 von B.Ulmann -->
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    3831      1971 the first scientifically programmable "pocket calculators" with the size of
    3932      a matchbox came on the market, too.
    40       <a class="go" href="/en/details1.shtm" title="Details 1">see also details 1</a></p>
     33      See also: <a class="go" href="/en/details1.shtm" title="Details 1">Tabular list of desk calculators</a></p>
    4134
    4235      <!-- altes Photo, alter TExt: <div class="box center">
     
    5144      </div> Und nun die B.Ulmann-Übersetzung: -->
    5245     
    53       <div class="box center">
     46          <h3>WANG 700</h3>
     47      <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    5448          <a href="/en/devices/wang700.shtm" name="backlink-wang700" title="Detailed Photo of WANG 700"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang700-anlage.jpg" alt="WANG 700" width="600" height="438" /></a>
    55           <div class="bildtext">
    56              <p>The picture shows a unique system with a <b>WANG 700</b> at its heart. It is a one-of-a-kind machine and was built specifically for the department of mathematical didactics of a German university. Students of pure mathematics were forced to compete for the scarce CPU time on the university's mainframe while students of mathematical didactics had exclusive access to the system shown which eventually led to some arguments between both faculties.</p>
    57             <p>On the left the calculator itself can be seen &ndash; it features a two line display made from so called NIXIE-tubes, has 2 kB core memory and a built in cassette drive for mass storage. For years this machine was the fastest desktop calculator in the world.</p>
    58             <p>In the middle the optical reader can be seen (which, in fact, obscures the manual punch card reader which can not be seen in this picture). On the right is a modified IBM selectric typewriter which can not only be used to print out text, but to create plots of functions as well. Below the calculator an alphanumeric keyboard can be found; on the bottom an additional dual cassette tape drive is located. Programming of this machine was quite cumbersome - a simple plotterprogram took 794 program steps to perform a task which could be done on a later HP desktop calculator like the HP 9830 in only 36 steps using HP-BASIC as its programming language.</p>
    59             <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang700.shtm">See a larger and more detailed version of the photography</a>
    60           </div>
    61       </div>
     49          <p class="bildtext">Unique system <b>WANG 700</b></p>
     50          </div>
     51         
     52      <p>The picture shows a unique system with a <b>WANG 700</b> at its heart. It is a one-of-a-kind machine and was built specifically for the department of mathematical didactics of a German university. Students of pure mathematics were forced to compete for the scarce CPU time on the university's mainframe while students of mathematical didactics had exclusive access to the system shown which eventually led to some arguments between both faculties.</p>
     53      <p>On the left the calculator itself can be seen &ndash; it features a two line display made from so called NIXIE-tubes, has 2 kB core memory and a built in cassette drive for mass storage. For years this machine was the fastest desktop calculator in the world.</p>
     54      <p>In the middle the optical reader can be seen (which, in fact, obscures the manual punch card reader which can not be seen in this picture). On the right is a modified IBM selectric typewriter which can not only be used to print out text, but to create plots of functions as well. Below the calculator an alphanumeric keyboard can be found; on the bottom an additional dual cassette tape drive is located. Programming of this machine was quite cumbersome - a simple plotterprogram took 794 program steps to perform a task which could be done on a later HP desktop calculator like the HP 9830 in only 36 steps using HP-BASIC as its programming language.</p>
     55      <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang700.shtm">See a larger and more detailed version of the photography</a>
    6256
    63     <div class="box center">
    64           <a href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.shtm" name="backlink-diehl-combitronic" title="Diehl Combitronic details">
    65               <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/diehl-combitronic.jpg" alt="The Diehl Combitronic computer" width="526" height="420"/></a>
    66           <div class="bildtext">
    67               In 1970-72, <b>DIEHL</b> selled the <b>Combitronic</b>, featured with germanium transistors from the early 1960s
    68               (used for the printer interface), (still) a paper tape used for booting, a slow delay line memory and ceramic
    69               ICs (modern LSI technology). This device is a prime example for the enormous speed of development of new
    70               technology. The transistor logic was implemented by simply taking four LSI ICs together. Therefore the
    71               computer is logically (almost) identical to the almost obsolte Combitron, but the case is much smaller and the whole
    72               computer shrank up to two small boards (see <a href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.shtm">detailed pictures from the
    73               Diehl Combitronic</a>). In the picture above you see the compatible paper tape puncher ELS 850 and the reader
    74               "Dilector" on the left.
    75          </div>
    76     </div>
    77 
     57         
     58        <h3>Diehl Combitronic</h3>
     59       
     60    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     61        <a href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.shtm" name="backlink-diehl-combitronic" title="Diehl Combitronic details"><img
     62              src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/diehl-combitronic.jpg" alt="The Diehl Combitronic computer" width="526" height="420"/></a>
     63                <p class="bildtext"><b>Diehl Combitronic</b> with paper tape reader and puncher</p>
     64        </div>
     65       
     66        <p>
     67        In 1970-72, DIEHL selled the Combitronic, featured with germanium transistors from the early 1960s
     68        (used for the printer interface), (still) a paper tape used for booting, a slow delay line memory and ceramic
     69        ICs (modern LSI technology). This device is a prime example for the enormous speed of development of new
     70        technology. The transistor logic was implemented by simply taking four LSI ICs together. Therefore the
     71        computer is logically (almost) identical to the almost obsolte Combitron, but the case is much smaller and the whole
     72        computer shrank up to two small boards (see <a class="go" href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.shtm">detailed pictures from the
     73        Diehl Combitronic</a>). In the picture above you see the compatible paper tape puncher ELS 850 and the reader
     74        "Dilector" on the left.
     75    </p>
     76       
     77        <h3>Hewlett Packard HP 9810, 9820, 9830</h3>
    7878    <p>While DIEHL still emphazised the mechanics, HP tried to hide it as much as possible. For scientifical calculations
    7979       the Diehl computers from the series shown above were too slowly, compared to HP or WANG, whereas the Diehl devices
     
    8383       had to buy Wang or HP devices.</p>
    8484
    85       <div class="box left">
     85      <div class="box left clear-after">
    8686          <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/hp-rechner.jpg" alt="HP desk calculators (panorama)" width="335" height="1045" class="nomargin-bottom" />
    8787          <div class="bildtext" style="margin-left: 335px; padding-left: 2em;">
     
    102102            </ul>
    103103          </div>
    104           <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    105104      </div>
    106105
  • en/computer/programmable.shtm

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    4 <head><!--#set var="title"        value="Programmable second-generation calculators"
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    55   --><!--#set var="location"     value="programmierbare"
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    3028    Such complete installations are very rare.</p>
    3129
     30        <h3>Diehl Combitron</h3>
    3231    <div class="box center">
    3332        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/combitron-s.jpg" alt="Diehl Combitron" width="690" height="232" />
    34         <p class="bildtext"><b>DIEHL Combitron</b>. This is the first operative
     33        </div>
     34       
     35        <p>
     36        The Combitron is the first operative
    3537        programmable desk calculator that was built and selled in Germany. Right you see the DIEHL
    3638        Dilector (paper tape reader) and left the DIEHL ELS 830 (paper tape puncher). The system is fully executable.
    3739        The <a href="storage-media.shtm#delay-line-memory" class="go">delay line memory</a> serves as storage media
    3840        (capacity ca. 1000 Bit).</p>
    39     </div>
     41    </p>
     42       
     43        <h3>Olivetti Programma 101</h3>
    4044
    4145    <p>In the same year the Olivetti Programma 101 came onto the market. For the first time in the
     
    4650    of many saved manual calculating time.</p>
    4751
    48     <div class="box left">
    49        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/olivetti_programma101.jpg" alt="Programma 101" class="nomargin-bottom" width="379" height="301" />
     52    <div class="box left clear-after">
     53       <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/olivetti_programma101.jpg" alt="Programma 101" width="379" height="301" />
    5054       <div class="bildtext">The legendary <b>PROGRAMMA 101</b> by Olivetti. In the middle you see the magnetic program card. The <a class="go" href="storage-media.shtm#delay-line-memory">delay line memory</a> was used as storage media.</div>
    51        <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    5255    </div>
    5356
     57        <h3>WANG 320</h3>
    5458    <p>The WANG 320 is an outstanding machine in the collection. It was built in 1967 and is extremely rare nowadays. The system can be programmed using punched cards and features multiple keyboards, a sensational feature in its time.</p>
    5559
    56     <div class="box center">
     60    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    5761        <a href="/en/devices/wang320.shtm" name="backlink-wang320"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang320.jpg" alt="WANG 320 SE" width="690" height="287" /></a>
    58         <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 557px;"><b>wang 320 SE</b>.
    59             In 1966/1967 the WANG 320 SE was a flag ship calculator. Two of its features were truly sensational for its time: It could calculate quickly logarithms and anti-logarithms (in fact this took less time than the calcultion of a square root) and up to four keyboards could be connected to a single calculator unit thus the machine was in fact a time sharing system. Further more the system could be programmed using punched cards &ndash; running programs were suspended for a short period of time to allow interactive users access to the machine. The 80 column punched cards could be prepared manually  using a stencil. These features made the calcultar a perfect match for schools and universities. While the slide rule was in use in most of these places thismachine allowed them to enter the field of computer science. <br/>
     62                <p class="bildtext"><b>WANG 320 SE</b></p>
     63        </div>
     64
     65        <p>     In 1966/1967 the WANG 320 SE was a flag ship calculator. Two of its features were truly sensational for its time: It could calculate quickly logarithms and anti-logarithms (in fact this took less time than the calcultion of a square root) and up to four keyboards could be connected to a single calculator unit thus the machine was in fact a time sharing system. Further more the system could be programmed using punched cards &ndash; running programs were suspended for a short period of time to allow interactive users access to the machine. The 80 column punched cards could be prepared manually  using a stencil. These features made the calcultar a perfect match for schools and universities. While the slide rule was in use in most of these places thismachine allowed them to enter the field of computer science. <br/>
    6066            Clicking on the picture will show a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang320.shtm">larger and more detailed version</a>.
    61        </p>
    62     </div>
     67    </p>
    6368
    64     <div class="box center">
     69       
     70        <h3>Hewlett Packard HP 9100</h3>
     71    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    6572       <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/hp-9100.jpg" alt="HP-9100" width="557" height="432" />
    66        <div class="bildtext">
    67            <b>HP 9100</b>
    68            <p>In 1968 the first desktop calculator made by HP hit the market and was a truly outstanding machine. All of its internal logic is implemented using discrete transistor logic without a single integrated circuit. The machine supports a wealth of mathematical and scientific functions and employs a magnetic core memory, so even after a power off the contents of memory (data and programs) are preserved. Magnetic cards serve as external storage media. The printer shown on top of the HP 9100 is an optional device. The heart of the display is a CRT on which the contents of three internal registers are displayed. The character generation is controlled by a wired ROM. This technological marvel indeed had its price &ndash; with a price of 23 000&nbsp;DM for the basic version it was not affordable for individuals.
    69            <br/>Only two years later WANG brought the <a class="go" href="ic-technology.shtm#backlink-wang700">WANG 700</a> to the market in direct competition to the HP 9100.
    70            </p>
    71        </div>
    72     </div>
    73     <div class="box center">
     73       <p class="bildtext"><b>HP 9100</b></p>
     74        </div>
     75       
     76        <p>In 1968 the first desktop calculator made by HP hit the market and was a truly outstanding machine. All of its internal logic is implemented using discrete transistor logic without a single integrated circuit. The machine supports a wealth of mathematical and scientific functions and employs a magnetic core memory, so even after a power off the contents of memory (data and programs) are preserved. Magnetic cards serve as external storage media. The printer shown on top of the HP 9100 is an optional device. The heart of the display is a CRT on which the contents of three internal registers are displayed. The character generation is controlled by a wired ROM. This technological marvel indeed had its price &ndash; with a price of 23 000&nbsp;DM for the basic version it was not affordable for individuals.
     77       <br/>Only two years later WANG brought the <a class="go" href="ic-technology.shtm#backlink-wang700">WANG 700</a> to the market in direct competition to the HP 9100.
     78    </p>
     79
     80    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    7481       <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/hp9100-display.jpg" alt="display of the HP-9100" width="557" height="198" />
    75        <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 557px;">Closeup of the HP 9100 tube display</p>
     82       <p class="center">Closeup of the HP 9100 tube display</p>
    7683    </div>
    7784
  • en/computer/punchcard.shtm

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    2117<body>
     
    3228       most of these archaic devices still work.</p>
    3329
    34     <div class="box left">
     30        <h3>Card puncher devices</h3>
     31    <div class="box left clear-after">
    3532        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/lochkartenstanzer.jpg"
    36           alt="Various card punchers" width="330" height="368"
    37           class="nomargin-bottom" />
     33                 alt="Various card punchers" width="330" height="368"
     34                 class="nomargin-bottom" />
    3835        <div class="bildtext">
    39             <b>Card puncher devices</b>
    40             <p>For punching cards only occasionally, the small bottom device
     36           <p>For punching cards only occasionally, the small bottom device
    4137               was quite sufficient, e.g. for small companies. The device in
    4238               the middle of the picture is a puncher from BULL and the topmost
     
    4642               "motor-driven punchers".
    4743            </p>
    48         </div>
    49         <p class="clear">&nbsp;</p>
     44    </div>
    5045    </div>
    5146
     
    5752       information on a prescribed position on the punch card.</p>
    5853
    59     <div class="box center">
     54    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    6055        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm_029-juki.jpg" alt="IBM 029 und Juki" width="580" height="340" />
    61         <p class="bildtext">
    62             <b>IBM 029 and JUKI card puncher.</b>
    63             On the left hand in the picture there is the legendary
     56        <p class="bildtext"><b>IBM 029 and JUKI card puncher.</b></p>
     57        </div>
     58       
     59        <p> On the left hand in the picture there is the legendary
    6460            IBM 029 (build since 1964), on the right hand the JUKI puncher
    6561            (made in Japan). The JUKI puncher is not accidentally looking
     
    6965            1971, the IBM 029 costed about 15.500 DM.
    7066        </p>
    71         <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    72     </div>
    7367       
    74         <div class="box center">
     68        <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    7569        <a name="univac1710"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/univac1710.jpg" alt="UNIVAC 1710 Verifying Interpreting Punch" width="580" height="435" /></a>
    76         <p class="bildtext">
    77            The <b>UNIVAC 1710 Verifying Interpreting Punch</b> (VIP) was released at
     70        <p class="bildtext"><b>UNIVAC 1710 Verifying Interpreting Punch</b> (VIP)</p>
     71        </div>
     72       
     73        <p>
     74           The Univac 1710 VIP was released at
    7875           the same time like the <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC 9400 mainframe</a>
    7976           in the year 1969. This device is very fast and versatile and works mostly
     
    9693           card feeding could easily stop working when the adjustment wasn't
    9794           perfectly fitting.
    98          </p>
    99     </div>
     95    </p>
    10096
     97       
     98        <h3>Sorters</h3>
    10199
    102100    <div class="box center">
     
    108106    </div>
    109107
    110     <div class="box center">
     108    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    111109        <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm_083.jpg" alt="IBM 083 punch card sorter" width="569" height="487" /></a>
    112110        <p class="bildtext">
    113             <b>IBM 083 sorter</b><br/>
    114             Compared to the IBM 082 the sorting mechanics were greatly improved. The machine can sort 1000 cards
     111            <b>IBM 083 sorter</b>
     112            <br/>Compared to the IBM 082 the sorting mechanics were greatly improved. The machine can sort 1000 cards
    115113            per minute. Much more than 16 cards per second are not possible, due to the mechanic's inertia. This
    116114            type was built since 1958.
     
    118116        </p>
    119117    </div>
     118       
     119        <h3>Collators</h3>
    120120
    121      <div class="box center">
    122          <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm" name="backlink-ibm077"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm77.jpg" alt="IBM 077" width="450" height="526" /></a>
    123          <p class="bildtext">
    124              The picture above show the heart of an <b>IBM punch card collator 077</b>, year of manufacture 1959. The collector reads 480 cards per minute. It is capable of changing the order of the cards, looking for copies (and seperating them out) or comparing two stacks and finding out the differences. Compared to today's database storages this card collator is a kind of mechanical database query language interpreter.
    125              <!--<br/>The programs are plugged together on a patch panel. Thus they can easily be changed. -->
    126              <br />The electronics comprises of relays and camshafts which control
     121    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     122        <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm" name="backlink-ibm077"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm77.jpg" alt="IBM 077" width="450" height="526" /></a>
     123        <p class="bildtext"><b>IBM punch card collator 077</b></p>
     124        </div>
     125       
     126        <p>
     127            The picture above shows the back of a collator, year of manufacture 1959.
     128                The collector reads 480 cards per minute. It is capable of changing the
     129                order of the cards, looking for copies (and seperating them out) or
     130                comparing two stacks and finding out the differences. Compared to
     131                today's database storages this card collator is a kind of mechanical
     132                database query language interpreter.
     133        <!--<br/>The programs are plugged together on a patch panel. Thus they can easily be changed. -->
     134        <br />The electronics comprises of relays and camshafts which control
    127135             switches. Early engineers had to use oilcans for the bearing's
    128136             maintenance as often as a checking device.
    129137             <br />The programs could be changed by replacing the programing field.
    130138             <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm">The function of the punch card collator</a>
    131          </p>
    132      </div>
     139    </p>
    133140
    134      <div class="box center">
     141    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    135142         <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-mischer.jpg" alt="Bull punch card collator 56.00" width="450" height="536" /></a>
    136          <p class="bildtext">
    137               <b>Bull punch card collator 56.00.</b>
    138               <br/>This very big device features very much chrome and almost 1000 relays, assembled to allow developers to implement varoius mixing algorithms with wired panels. Thus collating and sorting could be performed in only one working cycle. Depending on the task, the device could process about 250 - 500 cards per minute.
    139          </p>
    140      </div>
     143         <p class="bildtext"><b>Bull punch card collator 56.00.</b></p>
     144    </div>
     145       
     146        <p>
     147            This very big device features very much chrome and almost 1000 relays,
     148                assembled to allow developers to implement varoius mixing algorithms
     149                with wired panels. Thus collating and sorting could be performed in only
     150                one working cycle. Depending on the task, the device could process about
     151                250 - 500 cards per minute.
     152    </p>
     153       
     154        <h3>card interpreter</h3>
     155       
     156    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     157         <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm_548.jpg" alt="IBM 548" width="450" height="509" />
     158         <p class="bildtext"><b>IBM 548</b></p>
     159    </div>
     160       
     161    <p>
     162            A huge punch card interpreter made by IBM. This machine can label 60 cards
     163        per minute in 60 cols and two rows, according to the settings which you can set.
     164    </p>
    141165
    142      <div class="box center">
    143          <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm_548.jpg" alt="IBM 548" width="450" height="509" />
    144          <p class="bildtext">
    145              <b>IBM 548</b>. A huge punch card interpreter made by IBM. This machine can label 60 cards
    146              per minute in 60 cols and two rows, according to the settings which you can set.
    147          </p>
    148      </div>
    149166</div><!-- end of content -->
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  • en/computer/storage-media.shtm

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    5445       and most spread memories are the ferromagnetic memories.</p>
    5546
    56     <div class="box center">
    57         <h3>Delay line memory from the BULL GAMMA 3 tube calculator</h3>
    58         <div style="white-space: nowrap;"> <!-- quick & dirty -->
    59             <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/bull-gamma-3-laufzeitspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography from a delay line memory" width="435" height="338" />
    60             <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/bull-gamma-3-laufzeitspeicher-gross.jpg" alt="Details from the delay line memory" style="margin-left: 3px;" width="228" height="338" />
     47    <h3>Delay line memory from the BULL GAMMA 3 tube calculator</h3>
     48        <div class="box center manuelle-bildbreite" style="width: 670px;">
     49        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/bull-gamma-3-laufzeitspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography from a delay line memory" width="435" height="338" /><img
     50                 src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/bull-gamma-3-laufzeitspeicher-gross.jpg" alt="Details from the delay line memory" style="margin-left: 6px;" width="228" height="338" />
     51            <p class="bildtext"><b>Delay line memory</b></p>
     52    </div>
     53    <p>
     54        One of these solutions is the so called delay line memory.
     55        It consists of several chained LC-oscillators that are set
     56        up as low-pass filters. In this circuit the pulses are carried slower compared
     57        to ohmic conductors. Due to the high damping the pulses must be amplified again.
     58        Therefore the memory is equipped with 12 tube amplifiers. After amplification
     59        at the end of the LC chain, the information is read in at the beginning of the
     60        chain again. In this way it runs permanentely throught the delay line memory.
     61        <br/>The pictures show a memory unit which is capable of storing a decimal
     62        integer with only 12 digits. Obviously storage was very expensive in the early
     63        times of computing.
     64    </p>
     65 
     66    <h3><a name="run-time-memory">Magnetostrictive memory</a></h3>
     67    <div class="box center manuelle-bildbreite" style="max-width: 860px;">
     68        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/laufzeitspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography of a magnetostrictive memory" width="421" height="393" />
     69        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/laufzeitspeicher-details.jpg" alt="details" style="margin-left: 3px;" width="421" height="393" />
     70                <p class="bildtext"><b>1&nbsp;kB magnetostrictive delay line memory</b></p>
     71        </div>
     72
     73    <p>Another kind of "delay line" memory is the so called magnetostrictive memory. This technique is based on the idea of the propagation of ultrasonic waves through a thin wire. The information to be stored is fed into a long wire by the effect of magnetostricion (the wire contracts when exposed to a strong magnetic field &ndash; this in turn yields an acoustic wave traveling across the wire). A bit pattern created by this effect travels along the wire to its end where the information is picked up by a piezo electric element. The output of this pickup will be amplified and fed back into the beginning of the wire loop.</p>
     74    <p>This basically yields a sequential storage circuit - an impulse pattern will run in an endless loop through the wire. To insert information into the loop some (simple) additional circuitry is necessary. To delete bits, the feedback loop will be opened while setting bits requires an OR gate at the input of the wire loop.</p>
     75    <p>This type of memory is volatile and has a rather long access time &ndash; on the other hand, its capacity depends mainly on the length of the wire and the basic clock of the surrounding circuitry so it may easily expanded. In addition to this it is relatively inexpensive and rugged making it suitable for applications like desktop calculators and the like.</p>
     76
     77        <h3><a name="core-memory">Core memory</a></h3>
     78    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     79        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/triumph-kernspeicher.jpg" alt="Core memory made by Triumph" width="694" height="520" />
     80        <div class="bildtext">
     81                    <p><b>Triumph core memory</b></p>
     82               
     83            <p>The company "Triumph" created a very demonstrative core memory
     84                           about 1961). The circuit card, measuring 16 cm by 20 cm, can
     85                           store 144 bit which equals 12 machine words of 12 bits
     86                           each (which was a common word length in this time). Thus a single
     87                           bit occupies an area of about 2.2 square centimeters.</p>
    6188        </div>
    62         <div class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width:100%;">
    63             <p>
    64             One of these solutions is the so called delay line memory.
    65             It consists of several chained LC-oscillators that are set
    66             up as low-pass filters. In this circuit the pulses are carried slower compared
    67             to ohmic conductors. Due to the high damping the pulses must be amplified again.
    68             Therefore the memory is equipped with 12 tube amplifiers. After amplification
    69             at the end of the LC chain, the information is read in at the beginning of the
    70             chain again. In this way it runs permanentely throught the delay line memory.
    71             <br/>The pictures show a memory unit which is capable of storing a decimal
    72             integer with only 12 digits. Obviously storage was very expensive in the early
    73             times of computing.
    74             </p>
    75         </div>
     89                <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/kernspeicher-ausschnitt.jpg" alt="Detailed view on the Triumph Core Memory" width="694" height="90" />
     90                <div class="bildtext">
     91                    <p>The Triump core memory was still threaded manually, in contrast
     92                           to the memory shown below.</p>
     93                </div>
    7694    </div>
    7795
    78     <div class="box center">
    79         <h3><a name="run-time-memory">Magnetostrictive memory</a></h3>
    80         <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/laufzeitspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography of a magnetostrictive memory" width="421" height="393" />
    81         <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/laufzeitspeicher-details.jpg" alt="details" style="margin-left: 3px;" width="421" height="393" />
    82        <div class="bildtext"> 
    83            <p>
    84            Another kind of "delay line" memory is the so called magnetostrictive memory. This technique is based on the idea of the propagation of ultrasonic waves through a thin wire. The information to be stored is fed into a long wire by the effect of magnetostricion (the wire contracts when exposed to a strong magnetic field &ndash; this in turn yields an acoustic wave traveling across the wire). A bit pattern created by this effect travels along the wire to its end where the information is picked up by a piezo electric element. The output of this pickup will be amplified and fed back into the beginning of the wire loop.</p>
    85            <p>This basically yields a sequential storage circuit - an impulse pattern will run in an endless loop through the wire. To insert information into the loop some (simple) additional circuitry is necessary. To delete bits, the feedback loop will be opened while setting bits requires an OR gate at the input of the wire loop.</p>
    86            <p>This type of memory is volatile and has a rather long access time &ndash; on the other hand, its capacity depends mainly on the length of the wire and the basic clock of the surrounding circuitry so it may easily expanded. In addition to this it is relatively inexpensive and rugged making it suitable for applications like desktop calculators and the like.</p>
    87         </div>
    88     </div>
    89 
    90     <div class="box center">
    91         <h3><a name="core-memory">Core memory</a></h3>
    92         <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/kernspeicher-weiss.jpg" alt="Core memory made by Triumph" width="694" height="463" />
    93         <div class="bildtext">
    94             <p>The picture shows a core memory made by Triumpf (about 1961). The circuit card, measuring 16 cm by 20 cm, can store 144 bit which equals 12 machine words of 12 bits each (which was a common word length in this time). Thus a single bit occupies an area of about 2.2 square centimeters.</p>
    95         </div>
    96         <div class="clear">&nbsp;</div>
    97     </div>
    98 
    99     <div class="box center">
     96    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    10097        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/kernspeicher-univac.jpg" alt="A core memory built onto a modul from the UNIVAC 9400 mainframe" width="550" height="420" />
    10198        <p class="bildtext">
    102             Another core memory made in 1969 is shown here. It is used in the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/highspeed-printer.shtm">high speed printer</a> of the <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC mainframe</a> and stores a single line of text to be printed (132 characters). The individual cores can still be seen by the naked eye.
     99            Another core memory made in 1969 is shown here. It is used
     100                        in the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/highspeed-printer.shtm">high
     101                        speed printer</a> of the <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC mainframe</a>
     102                        and stores a single line of text to be printed (132 characters). The
     103                        individual cores can still be seen by the naked eye.
    103104         </p>
    104105    </div>
    105106
    106    <div class="box center">
     107    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    107108       <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/kernspeicher.big.jpg" alt="Photography illustrating the size of a core memory in contrast to a match" width="629" height="443" />
    108        <div class="bildtext">
    109            <p>During the years the capacity of core memory devices was increased more and more while the dimensions were shrinked accordingly. This picture shows a core memory plane made in the time frame 1975 - 1978. The area shown equals
    110 that of the 144 bit memory by Triumph shown earlier. Now there are more then 16000 cores on the same area. The individual cores can only be seen with the aid of a magnifying glass. The whole core memory block contains 16 planes like this containing more then 256000 single cores (this is equivalent to 32 kB of data) occupying a volume of about 2.5 cubic decimeters. This device marks the end of the era of core memory.</p>
     109       <p class="bildtext"><b>Storage layer with a capacity of 16.000 bit</b></p>
     110        </div>
     111       
     112    <p>During the years the capacity of core memory devices was increased more and more while the dimensions were shrinked accordingly. This picture shows a core memory plane made in the time frame 1975 - 1978. The area shown equals
     113       that of the 144 bit memory by Triumph shown earlier. Now there are more then 16000 cores on the same area. The individual cores can only be seen with the aid of a magnifying glass. The whole core memory block contains 16 planes like this containing more then 256000 single cores (this is equivalent to 32 kB of data) occupying a volume of about 2.5 cubic decimeters. This device marks the end of the era of core memory.</p>
    111114
    112            <p>The smaller the individual cores the faster the access time &ndash; this device features an access time of only 200 ns. One drawback of core memory is that reading the information stored in a row of cores destroys the information. So every read access has to be followed by a write access to retain the information (reading from a core memory takes more time than writing to the memory which is a rather unique "feature" of this technology).</p>
     115    <p>The smaller the individual cores the faster the access time &ndash; this device features an access time of only 200 ns. One drawback of core memory is that reading the information stored in a row of cores destroys the information. So every read access has to be followed by a write access to retain the information (reading from a core memory takes more time than writing to the memory which is a rather unique "feature" of this technology).</p>
    113116
    114            <p>A major advantage of core memory is its non-volatility. The information stored in a core memory will be retained even when power is lost. It is possible to turn on a machine switched off in 1975 and continue operation at the very same step where it ended in 1975. Even today main memory is sometimes called "core" which is a reminiscence of the early days of computing when memory was in fact core memory. A memory dump as a result of a program crash is still called "core dump" in the UNIX operating systems family, for example.</p>
    115        </div>
    116    </div>
     117    <p>A major advantage of core memory is its non-volatility. The information stored in a core memory will be retained even when power is lost. It is possible to turn on a machine switched off in 1975 and continue operation at the very same step where it ended in 1975. Even today main memory is sometimes called "core" which is a reminiscence of the early days of computing when memory was in fact core memory. A memory dump as a result of a program crash is still called "core dump" in the UNIX operating systems family, for example.</p>
    117118
    118119
    119    <div class="box center">
    120         <h3><a name="threaded-rom">Threaded ROM</a></h3>
     120   <h3><a name="threaded-rom">Threaded ROM</a></h3>
     121   <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    121122        <a name="backlink-gefaedeltes-rom" href="/en/devices/threaded-rom.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/nixdorf-rom-gesamt.jpg" alt="Photography of a threaded ROM made by Nixdorf" width="694" height="470" /></a>
    122         <div class="bildtext">
    123             <p>All of the memory devices shown before were capable of read and write operations. Sometimes a read only memory (ROM for short) is needed. The picture shows such a ROM made in the mid 1960s which is closely related to a core memory.
    124             <br/>The device shown is from a NIXDORF-WANDERER Logatronic system (made in 1966 approximately) which is a predecessor of the well known NIXDORF 820 system (see below). This ROM can store 2048 words of 18 bits each. The implementation is a true masterpiece of its time.</p>
    125            
    126             <p>You can get further explanations and a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/threaded-rom.shtm">more detailed version</a> by clicking on the picture.</p>
    127         </div>
     123                <p class="bildtext"><b>Nixdorf threaded ROM</b></p>
    128124   </div>
    129125   
     126    <p>All of the memory devices shown before were capable of read and write operations. Sometimes a read only memory (ROM for short) is needed. The picture shows such a ROM made in the mid 1960s which is closely related to a core memory.
     127       <br/>The device shown is from a NIXDORF-WANDERER Logatronic system (made in 1966 approximately) which is a predecessor of the well known NIXDORF 820 system (see below). This ROM can store 2048 words of 18 bits each. The implementation is a true masterpiece of its time.</p>
     128           
     129    <p>You can get further explanations and a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/threaded-rom.shtm">more detailed version</a> by clicking on the picture.</p>
     130 
    130131
    131    <div class="box center">
    132        <h3><a name="magnetic-stick-memory">Magnetic stick memory</a></h3>
     132   <h3><a name="magnetic-stick-memory">Magnetic stick memory</a></h3>
     133   <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    133134       <a href="/en/devices/magnetic-stick-memory.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/gefaedeltes-rom.jpg" alt="A 'magnetic stick memory' made by nixdorf" width="692" height="379" /></a>
    134        <div class="bildtext">
    135            <p>NIXDORF decided to implement a read only memory which could be easily modified by customers and did not require a service technician to modify its contents.The whole operating system of the NIXDORF 820 was stored in ROMs like this (all in all 3 modules &ndash; type 177 &ndash; were necessary for this). Even empty ROMs were manufactured which were sold to customers who liked to modify their 820 system. Each of these modules could hold 4096 word of 18 bits each. One of these ROMs weighs 2.4 kg.</p>
    136            <p>Clicking on the picture will yield a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/magnetic-stick-memory.shtm">more detailed version</a> of it.</p>
    137        </div>
     135       <p class="bildtext"><b>Nixdorf magnetic stick memory</b></p>
    138136   </div>
    139137   
    140    <div class="box right">
    141        <!-- Neu seit 01.12.07 -->
    142        <h3><a name="plated-wire-storage">Plated wire storage</a></h3>
     138   <p>NIXDORF decided to implement a read only memory which could be easily modified by customers and did not require a service technician to modify its contents.The whole operating system of the NIXDORF 820 was stored in ROMs like this (all in all 3 modules &ndash; type 177 &ndash; were necessary for this). Even empty ROMs were manufactured which were sold to customers who liked to modify their 820 system. Each of these modules could hold 4096 word of 18 bits each. One of these ROMs weighs 2.4 kg.</p>
     139   <p>Clicking on the picture will yield a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/magnetic-stick-memory.shtm">more detailed version</a> of it.</p>
     140   
     141
     142   <h3><a name="plated-wire-storage">Plated wire storage</a></h3>
     143   <div class="box left clear-after">
    143144       <!--<a href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/grafiken/magnetdrahtspeicher-uebersicht.en.gif" alt="Simplified diagram showing the plated wire storage" width="400" height="254" /></a>-->
    144145       <a href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/magnetdrahtspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography from a plated wire storage, zoomed greatly" width="340" height="303" /></a>
    145146
     147           <div class="bildtext">
    146148       <!-- new text and image since 17.08.08 -->
    147149       <p>The plated wire storage was intended for replacing the core memory.  Our
     
    161163          <a class="go" href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.shtm">design of the plated
    162164          wire storage</a>.</p>
    163        <div class="clear"></div>
    164    </div>
     165       </div><!--bildtext-->
     166   </div><!--box plated wire storage -->
    165167
    166    <div class="box left">
    167        <h3 class="center"><a name="lochband">Two channel punched tape</a></h3>
     168   <h3><a name="lochband">Two channel punched tape</a></h3>
     169   <div class="box left clear-after">
    168170       <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/lochband-combitron.jpg" alt="A two channel punched tape from the DIEHL combitron calculator" width="424" height="322" />
    169171       <p class="bildtext">
  • en/computer/tabulating-machine.shtm

    • Property svn:keywords set to Id
    r124 r140  
    1616    <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" />
    1717    <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" />
    18     <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="12.11.2009" />
    19     <meta name="t29.comment" content="aufgetrennt und Inhaltlich synchronisiert" />
    2018</head>
    2119<body>
     
    6260       of the reperation of the tabulating machine</small></p>
    6361
    64     <div class="box center">
     62    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    6563        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/tabelliermaschine.jpg"
    66          width="679" height="658" alt="Bull PS BR Tabulating Machine" />
    67         <p class="bildtext">The <b>Tabulating Machine Bull BS-pr</b>: With closed walls it
    68          looks like a strange chunk made of metal, but it comprises impressive
    69          electromechanical technology.
    70          <br />Multiplying and dividing mechanically needs lots of time. To shorten
    71          this amount of time, you could attach the <a href="gamma3.shtm">"electronical
    72          calculator" BULL GAMMA&nbsp;3</a>. The auxiliary tube calculator was
    73          only used for this purpose.</p>
     64             width="679" height="658" alt="Bull PS BR Tabulating Machine" />
     65                <p class="bildtext"><b>Tabulating Machine Bull BS-PR</b></p>
    7466    </div>
     67       
     68        <p>
     69            With closed walls it looks like a strange chunk made of metal, but it
     70                comprises impressive electromechanical technology. In the front there
     71                are two demountable program boards that are mounted at the left side
     72                of the device (not visible in the picture). The board on the left contains
     73                a program for compiling and printing bank statements, the board on the
     74                right contains a simple program for multiplying. Multiplying and dividing
     75                mechanically needs lots of time. To shorten this amount of time, the
     76                <a href="gamma3.shtm">"electronical calculator" BULL GAMMA&nbsp;3</a>
     77                could be attached. That auxiliary tube calculator was only used for this
     78                purpose.
     79        </p>
    7580
    7681    <!--
     
    102107    -->
    103108   
    104     <div class="box left">
     109    <div class="box left clear-after">
    105110      <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/relais1.jpg"
    106111           alt="Partial view of the relays" width="312" height="416"/>
     
    112117        customizing the programs), that is quite astonishing in view of the old age.
    113118      </p>
    114       <div class="clear"></div>
    115119    </div>
    116120
    117     <div class="box center">
     121    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    118122         <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/rechenwerke.jpg" alt="ALUs of the Bull tabulating machine" width="555" height="329" />
    119          <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 555px;">
    120             We exposed two of the 10 ALUs for an one-of-a-kind photo. The principle of sprocket wheel
     123         <p class="bildtext">
     124                    <b>Arithmetic-logic units</b> of the tabulating machine
     125                 </p>
     126    </div>
     127       
     128        <p>     We exposed two of the 10 ALUs for an one-of-a-kind photo. The principle of sprocket wheel
    121129            machines is visible to the naked eye. All calculation work is performed only by mechanical
    122130            components and read in electronically by touch-sensitive contacts. You can even read out
     
    124132            performed purley mechanically. It's hardly imaginable that these machines worked more than
    125133            12 hours every day without any serious problems.
    126          </p>
    127     </div>
     134    </p>
    128135   
    129     <div class="box center">
    130       <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/offen1.jpg"
    131            alt="Front view of the BULL BS PR Tabulating Machine" width="555" height="325"/>
    132       <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 555px;">
     136    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
     137        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/offen1.jpg"
     138             alt="Front view of the BULL BS PR Tabulating Machine" width="555" height="325"/>
     139            <p class="bildtext">
     140                    <b>Printing unit</b> of the tabulating machine
     141                </p>
     142        </div>
     143       
     144        <p>
    133145        This picture partly shows the complicated printing unit &ndash; in
    134146        every step a complete line is printed (like later line printers did).
    135         <br/>In the foreground you can see the punchcard feeder. Every punchcard is
     147        In the foreground you can see the punchcard feeder. Every punchcard is
    136148        read in two times. At the first scan the machine detects wheter the card is
    137149        a controller card or a data card whereas at the second scan the machine reads
    138150        the content from the card.
    139         <br/>Additionally, the machine is capable of comparing the content of two
     151                Additionally, the machine is capable of comparing the content of two
    140152        consecutive cards.
    141       </p>
    142     </div>
     153    </p>
    143154
    144155
  • en/computer/transistors.shtm

    • Property svn:keywords set to Id
    r123 r140  
    1515    <meta name="keywords" lang="de" content="Kernspeicher, Wanderer Conti, Erste Rechner mit Transistoren, IME 84" />
    1616    <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="technikum, transistorised calculators, seccond-generation, calculators, IME 84, OLYMPIA, WANDERER, FRIDEN" />
    17     <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />
    18     <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" />
    19     <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="18.07.2007/v5.7FINAL" />
    20     <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="21.08.2007/v5.7.5" />
    21     <!--changelog: 19.04.2006/v5.5FINAL auf Basis von 2005/v5.1.1 -->
    22     <!--changelog: v5.7.5 FRIEDEN-Übersetzung by B.Ulmann -->
     17        <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" />
    2318</head>
    2419<body>
     
    3126    <p>Due to the accelerated progress of calculators featuring all tube technology, the development of transistorised second-generation calculators began.</p>
    3227
    33     <div class="box center">
     28    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    3429        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ime84.jpg" alt="IME 84" width="456" height="288" />
    3530        <p class="bildtext"><b>IME 84</b>, the world's first desk calculator using transistors. Among others, it features an appealing design (1964!). Compared to the IME 84, the german device made by Olympia looks ungracefully.
     
    4035    <!--Gibts ja jetzt mit Bild: FRIDEN from the USA surprised with a calculator that displayed the contents of four registers on one cathod ray tube at the same time. But all these calculators could only compute with the four fundamental arithmetic operations, like many others. At least some of them could already extract a root. A core memory mostly served as storagemedia. The memory shown below is especially illustrative.</p>-->
    4136
    42     <div class="box center">
     37    <div class="box center auto-bildbreite">
    4338        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/friden.130.jpg" alt="Friden 130" width="500" height="305" />
    44         <p class="bildtext">In 1966 the <b>FRIDEN 130</b> was announced. It was the first desktop calculator featuring a CRT display using an oscillocope tube to display the contents of four internal registers of the machine. The memory is based on a <a class="go" href="storage-media.shtm#delay-time-storage">magnetostrictive line</a>.
     39        <p class="bildtext"><b>FRIEDEN 130</b></p>
     40        </div>
     41       
     42        <p> In 1966 the <b>FRIDEN 130</b> was announced. It was the first desktop calculator featuring a CRT display using an oscillocope tube to display the contents of four internal registers of the machine. The memory is based on a <a class="go" href="storage-media.shtm#delay-time-storage">magnetostrictive line</a>.
    4543        <br />The overall design of the calculator is quite futuristic - the machine might well be found in a space travel movie of that time. The smallest model featuring only the four basic arithmetic operations was sold for about 5000 DM while the larger model, the FRIDEN 132, which included a square root function was priced at 6700 DM.</p>
    46     </div>
     44    </p>
    4745
    4846    <p>Most of these calculators like many other brands were only capable of performing the four basic arithmetic operations although some machines had extra provisions for calculating square roots. In most cases a small <a href="storage-media.shtm#core-memory">core memory</a> was employed for internal storage.</p>
  • en/computer/univac9400.shtm

    • Property svn:keywords set to Id
    r119 r140  
    6969      <p>The picture on top shows from right to left:</p>
    7070
    71       <div style="margin-left: 238px; padding-left: 50px;"><ul>
     71      <ul>
    7272          <li>the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/frontpanel.shtm" title="see a detailed picture from the processor's frontpanel">main processor cabinet</a></li>
    7373          <li>the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/console+uniservo.shtm" title="read more about hte console and uniservo">system's console</a></li>
     
    8181          <li><a href="/en/devices/univac9400/discdrives.shtm">two disk drives</a> of type 8425</li>
    8282          <li>a <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/cardreader.shtm" title="further reading and viewing about the punchcard reader">punch card reader</a></li>
    83       </ul></div>
     83      </ul>
    8484
    8585    <!-- ulmann text begins -->
     
    138138
    139139         <!-- The following list is originally continous text... -->
    140          <div style="margin-left: 238px; padding-left: 50px;"><ul class="justify">
     140     <ul class="justify">
    141141            <li>The UNIVAC 9200, a "powerful, card oriented electronic data
    142142            processing installation" with a memory capacity of up to 16 kB.</li>
    143             <li>The UNIVAC 9300 faetured tape and disk drives and could be
     143            <li>The UNIVAC 9300 featured tape and disk drives and could be
    144144            equipped with up to 32 kB of main memory (the museum has one of
    145145            this systems in storage).</li>
     
    149149            for data telecommunication". (The picture on the left shows an
    150150            "advertising brochure" for this system dating back to 1969.)</li>
    151          </ul></div>
     151         </ul>
    152152
    153153      <p>As in interesting note all systems of this series used a magnetic
  • en/inc/menu.inc.shtm

    r136 r140  
    3535                <li class="long"><a <!--#if expr="$location = tontechnik" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/communication/sound_technology.shtm"<!--#endif -->>Sound recording and reproducing technology<span>&nbsp;</span></a></li>
    3636                <li><a <!--#if expr="$location = fernsehen" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/communication/television.shtm"<!--#endif --> >Television<span>&nbsp;</span></a></li>
    37                 <li><a <!--#if expr="$location = faxtechnik" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/communication/fax.shtm"<!--#endif -->>Fax engineering<span>&nbsp;</span></a></li>
     37                <li class="long"><a <!--#if expr="$location = faxtechnik" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/communication/fax.shtm"<!--#endif -->>Telegraphy and Fax engineering<span>&nbsp;</span></a></li>
    3838            </ul>
    3939        </div></li>
     
    4444            <ul class="l2">
    4545                <li class="long"><a <!--#if expr="$location = elektro-mechanik" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/computer/electro-mechanical.shtm"<!--#endif -->>(Elektro-) mechanical calculators<span>&nbsp;</span></a></li>
    46                 <li class="l3"><div<!--#if expr="($location = tabelliermaschine) || ($location = gamma3) || ($location = gamma10) || ($location = lochkarten)" --> class="on"<!--#endif -->><em>Punch card computing<span>&nbsp;</span></em>
     46                <li class="l3"><div<!--#if expr="($location = tabelliermaschine) || ($location = gamma3) || ($location = univac9200) || ($location = gamma10) || ($location = lochkarten)" --> class="on"<!--#endif -->><em>Punch card computing<span>&nbsp;</span></em>
    4747                    <ul>
    4848                        <li><a <!--#if expr="$location = tabelliermaschine" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/computer/tabulating-machine.shtm"<!--#endif -->>BULL Tabulating machine<span>&nbsp;</span></a></li>
    4949                        <li><a <!--#if expr="$location = gamma3" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/computer/gamma3.shtm"<!--#endif -->>BULL GAMMA 3<span>&nbsp;</span></a></li>
    5050                        <li><a <!--#if expr="$location = gamma10" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/computer/gamma10.shtm"<!--#endif -->>BULL GAMMA 10<span>&nbsp;</span></a></li>
     51                        <li><a <!--#if expr="$location = univac9200" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/computer/univac9200.shtm"<!--#endif -->>UNIVAC 9200<span>&nbsp;</span></a></li>
    5152                        <li><a <!--#if expr="$location = lochkarten" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/computer/punchcard.shtm"<!--#endif --> title="Punch card devices">Peripheral card devices<span>&nbsp;</span></a></li>
    5253                    </ul>
  • en/news.shtm

    r124 r140  
    2727       posts are on top.</p>
    2828
    29     <ul class="news-feed">
     29
     30<ul class="news-feed">
     31
     32        <li><h3>January 2010</h3>
     33                   A new challenge: The UNIVAC 9200 data processing center was moved from the archives to the
     34                   museum building and is currently restored optically and technically.
     35                   <div class="box left clear-after">
     36                        <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/univac9200klein.jpg" alt="Foto der UNIVAC 9200 Anlage" width="350" height="184" class="nomargin-bottom" />
     37                                <p class="bildtext">Univac 9200 in restoration<br/>See new page <a class="go" href="/en/computer/univac9200.shtm">UNIVAC 9200</a>
     38           </div>
     39                </li>
     40
     41        <li><h3>January 2010</h3>
     42                   The structure of our homepage was improved. We arranged topics with more headings
     43                   and improved the site design.
     44                </li>
     45       
    3046                <li><h3>November 2009</h3>
    3147                   We're have published the new page <a class="go" href="miscellaneous.shtm">The Pianola and Miscellaneous</a>
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