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- Jan 10, 2010, 6:05:19 AM (14 years ago)
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- en
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en/communication/broadcasting.shtm
r138 r140 15 15 <meta name="keywords" lang="de" content="Rundfunk, Signalbau Huth, E 72, Telefunken W9, Körting Ultramar, Telefunken 650, Kofferempfänger, Metz" /> 16 16 <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="Broadcasting, broadcast devices, museum, Signalbau Huth, Telefunken W9, Körtng Ultramar, Telefunken 650, Metz" /> 17 <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />18 17 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 19 <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="v5.8.x/10.2008" />20 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="v5.8.x+1/12.10.2008" />21 <meta name="t92.comment" content="New: Telefunken 650 GK" />22 <!--changelog: 19.04.2006/v5.5.BETA - last edit own translation -->23 <!--changelog: 10.08.2006/v5.5.7 - new translation (Ulmann) -->24 <!--changelog: 19.08.2007/v5.7.5 - new translation, new structure [v5.7 grundlegende Änderungen, weitgehend gleicher Text] -->25 <!--changelog: 21.03.2008/v5.7.20 based on 03.02.2008/v5.7.17: Neuer Auschnitt Rundfunkecke (Text angepasst, neues Bild) -->26 18 </head> 27 19 <body> … … 30 22 <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2> 31 23 32 <div class="box center ">24 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 33 25 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/neuer-ausschnitt-rundfunkecke.jpg" alt="Photography from the museum: A partial view of the broadcasting corner" width="594" height="418" /> 34 <p class="bildtext -bildbreite" style="width:594px;">26 <p class="bildtext"> 35 27 Some of the broadcast devices in the exhibition – from left to right: 36 28 the twenties, early thirties, mid-thirties, late thirties, … … 38 30 </p> 39 31 </div> 40 41 <!--<div class="box left"> 42 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/ausschnitt-rundfunkecke.jpg" alt="Partial view of the broadcasting corner" height="297" width="396" class="nomargin-bottom" /> 43 <div class="bildtext" style="padding-top: 127px;">Some of the broadcast 44 devices in the exhibition – shown are mostly receivers from the 45 1920s and 1930s.</div> 46 <div class="clear"> </div> 47 </div>--> 48 32 33 <p>Broadcasting was launched in Germany in 1923, being the third country in 34 the world (right after the USA (1921) and Great Britain (1922)). From the 35 technical point, it even would have been possible to launch large-scale 36 broadcasting in 1920.</p> 37 38 <!-- Absatz mit dem amtlich anerkannten Firmen (RTV-Stempel) 39 => Weglassen laut Heriberts Direktive (Januar 2010) --> 40 41 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 42 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/seibt-edr16.jpg" width="600" height="383" alt="Seibt detector EDR 16" /> 43 <p class="bildtext"> 44 <b>Seibt EDR 16</b> 45 </p> 46 </div> 47 48 <p>Detectors are passive tuners which are powered straight from the electromagnetic 49 wave which is recieved via a very big antenna. Therefore there was only a 50 headphones plug and no loudspeakers at all. To adjust the device, the user had 51 to poke with a small needle on a crystal, having only a small chance to recieve 52 a powerful broadcast station. The crystal was a small 5 mm galena or pyrite 53 unit with physical characteristics of a diode at some special configurations. 54 If the user found such a configuration, the crystal served as rectifier. 55 In the early 1920s, this setup was a cheap alternative to the expansive radio sets. 56 At the right hand in the picture you can see a typical manual to instruct 57 the user into early radio technology.</p> 58 59 <p>It is astonishing to see the incredible speed of the development of broadcasting 60 systems. Beginning with very simple devices like the one above, using crystals 61 for demulation, the technology became mature very quickly. This process took 62 no more than 15 years from the first steps to near perfection. 63 This development is reflected in the apperance of the devices as well. While 64 the first recievers were of a very technical design, later devices turned into 65 wonderful pieces of furniture, fitting neatly into the average upper class 66 household. We have illustrated this page with examples from both types of 67 devices.</p> 68 69 <!-- old version --> 70 <!-- 49 71 <p>It is astonishing to see the incredible pace at which the development of 50 72 broadcasting systems took place. Beginning with very simple devices using … … 63 85 museum which contains about 150 different receivers. 64 86 </p> 65 87 --> 88 89 <!-- Very old version --> 66 90 <!-- 67 <p>The short time between the moderate launch of broadcasting in the early 1920s and its perfection is amazing. The era of broadcasting began in Germany in 1923, at first with very limited reception quality. 15 years later the quality of reception was almost perfect. At the beginning the apparatures had a very technical design (exactly like today), but since the 30s the radio apparatures changed to partially attractive pieces of furniture. Chosen examples from the museum-holding (150 pieces) for both kinds are shown on this page.</p> 68 --> 69 70 <div class="box center"> 71 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/huth.jpg" width="600" height="385" alt="HUTH-Empfänger (HUTH-Receiver)" /> 72 <p class="bildtext">Receiver made by Signalbau Huth (model E72): 73 This is an example of a cheap 74 receiver made in 1928. It was one of the first models which could 75 be connected to the mains thus eliminating the bulky anode batteries 76 requires by previous generations of receivers. 77 The sound quality of this receiver is quite limited and the horn 78 loudspeaker makes for a sound which one would expect from a tin can.</p> 79 </div> 80 91 <p>The short time between the moderate launch of broadcasting in the early 1920s 92 and its perfection is amazing. The era of broadcasting began in Germany in 1923, 93 at first with very limited reception quality. 15 years later the quality of 94 reception was almost perfect. At the beginning the apparatures had a very 95 technical design (exactly like today), but since the 30s the radio apparatures 96 changed to partially attractive pieces of furniture. Chosen examples from the 97 museum-holding (150 pieces) for both kinds are shown on this page.</p> 98 --> 99 100 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 101 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/saba1927.jpg" width="600" height="451" alt="Photography of the Saba 1927" /> 102 <p class="bildtext"> 103 This is a reciever made by <b>SABA</b> (year of manufacture 1927) with 104 open cover. You can see three inductors and rotary capacitors. Therefore 105 this kind of device is called "three-step-oscillator". The device is 106 decorated with marquetries (not visible in the picture detail) and even 107 the interior is made of veneerd exotic woods. 108 </p> 109 </div> 110 111 <p>In the 1920s, the electric power supply has not been installed all over the 112 country yet, therefore the first broadcasting recievers were made for 113 battery operation. Therefore listening loudly and frequently to the radio 114 was an expensive buiseness, since batteries discharged quickly. 115 <br/>The following devices were ready for the mains supply.</p> 116 117 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 118 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/huth.jpg" width="600" height="385" alt="HUTH-Empfänger (HUTH-Receiver)" /> 119 <p class="bildtext">Receiver made by <b>Signalbau Huth</b> (model E72): 120 This is an example of a cheap receiver made in 1928. The sound quality 121 is rather bad, especially with that horn loudspeaker, made out of metal. 122 Listening to the radio was sensational, but not luxurious. 123 </p> 124 </div> 125 126 <!-- 81 127 <div class="box left"> 82 128 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken_w90.jpg" width="307" height="371" alt="Telefunken W9" class="nomargin-bottom" /> … … 90 136 <div class="clear"> </div> 91 137 </div> 92 93 <p>There have always been devices that have been built very aesthetically. 94 One of these devices is the Telefunken T 40W.</p> 95 96 <div class="box left"> 97 <a href="/en/devices/telefunken_t40w.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken_t40w/klein.jpg" alt="Photography of the Telefunken T40W" class="nomargin-bottom"></a> 98 <p class="bildtext"> 99 Clicking on the picture yields the 100 innards of the <a href="/en/devices/telefunken_t40w.shtm" class="go">Telefunken 101 T 40W</a>. 102 </p> 103 <div class="clear"> </div> 104 </div> 105 106 107 108 <p>The following pictures show some receivers of outstanding design 109 and outstanding technical properties. Apart from these the 110 museum's collection contains a lot of different receivers 111 covering all stages of the development of public radio 112 broadcasting. 113 These receivers include crystal radios, battery powered receivers 114 from the 1920s, a 'Luxus Super' (1930s) as well as the first postwar 115 receiver equipped with motorized search functionality and remote 116 control by cable, the SABA Freiburg 3D. The sound of this receiver 117 is so rich and impressive that even young people are faszinated and 118 admire this 50 year old technical miracle.</p> 119 120 <div class="box left"> 121 <!-- Section new at 12.10.2008 from de --> 122 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken,musikschrank.jpg" width="350" height="610" alt="Telefunken radiogramophone" /> 123 <p class="bildtext"> 124 Having intelligent all-in-one furniture suitable for all kinds of music is an old dream 125 which appeared some years after the introducion of mass broadcasting. The radiogramophone 126 on the left is the <b>Telefunken 650 GK</b> from 1931/32. The record player was quite 127 modern, featuring a magnetic system and electric motor. On the other hand it still used 128 gramophone needles and the needlessly weighty pick-up stressed the records. 129 Nevertheless the sound quality of the radiogramophone was much better, compared to an 130 ordinary gramophone player. The chassis is made out of noble walnut trees, therefore 131 this piece of furniture was very expensive. 132 <br />The <a class="go" 133 name="backlink-telefunken" href="/en/devices/telefunken_650.shtm">Telefunken 650</a> 134 is the alternative table-top type and was a very successful export hit. 135 </p> 136 <div class="clear"> </div> 137 </div> 138 139 138 --> 139 140 141 <p>There have always been companies which built very stylish devices. You could 142 already take a look at the Saba device. The Telefunken <b>T 40W</b> is another 143 representative of such a device with a very nice interior. In the following, 144 you can gain an extraordinary insight into this device. 145 146 <div class="box left clear-after"> 147 <a href="/en/devices/telefunken_t40w.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken_t40w/klein.jpg" alt="Photography of the Telefunken T40W" class="nomargin-bottom"></a> 148 <p class="bildtext"> 149 Clicking on the picture yields the innards of the 150 <a href="/en/devices/telefunken_t40w.shtm" class="go">Telefunken T 40W</a>. 151 </p> 152 </div> 153 154 <p>The following pictures show some recievers of outstanding design 155 and outstanding technical features. The picture gallery could be 156 continued with open end. 157 <br/>Many other curiosities can be found in our museum, and there's 158 no epoch without an outstanding audio experience: Detector devices, 159 battery driven recievers (1920s), "Luxus-Super" (1930s), early 160 radiogramophones (1932) and the first postwar recievers with 161 motor-channel search and cable-remote control: SABA Freiburg 3D 162 (1954). This milestone features five built-in speakers, having 163 such an impressing sound that even today's people with all their 164 consumer electronics are faszinated of this 50 years old device. 165 Overall, you can get an impression how broadcasting was experienced 166 two or three generations ago. 167 </p> 168 169 <!-- Alter Text --> 140 170 <!-- 141 <p>The next two pictures show two apparatures that point out themselves optically and also technically, but the picture gallery could be continued without stopping. 142 <br />Many other curiosities can be admired in the museum, an audio experience is possible in every epoch: detectors, batterie-receivers (1920s), "Luxus-Super" (1930s) and at the end the first postwar receivers with motor-channel search and cable-remote control: SABA Freiburg 3D. The sound of this milestone with 5 built-in loudspeakers is so impressing that even CD-spoiled kids would stand wondering in front of this nearly 50-years old apparature. 143 <br />All in all you see how broadcasting was two or three generations ago and how fast the aparatures developed.</p> 144 --> 145 146 <div class="box center"> 147 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/ultramar3.jpg" width="600" height="533" alt="Körting Ultramar" /> 148 <p class="bildtext"><b>Körting Ultramar</b>: One of the most 171 <p>The following pictures show some receivers of outstanding design 172 and outstanding technical properties. Apart from these the 173 museum's collection contains a lot of different receivers 174 covering all stages of the development of public radio 175 broadcasting. 176 These receivers include crystal radios, battery powered receivers 177 from the 1920s, a 'Luxus Super' (1930s) as well as the first postwar 178 receiver equipped with motorized search functionality and remote 179 control by cable, the SABA Freiburg 3D. The sound of this receiver 180 is so rich and impressive that even young people are faszinated and 181 admire this 50 year old technical miracle.</p> 182 --> 183 184 <!-- ganz alter Text --> 185 <!-- 186 <p>The next two pictures show two apparatures that point out themselves optically 187 and also technically, but the picture gallery could be continued without stopping. 188 <br />Many other curiosities can be admired in the museum, an audio experience 189 is possible in every epoch: detectors, batterie-receivers (1920s), "Luxus-Super" 190 (1930s) and at the end the first postwar receivers with motor-channel search and 191 cable-remote control: SABA Freiburg 3D. The sound of this milestone with 5 built-in 192 loudspeakers is so impressing that even CD-spoiled kids would stand wondering in 193 front of this nearly 50-years old apparature. 194 <br />All in all you see how broadcasting was two or three generations ago and how 195 fast the aparatures developed.</p> 196 --> 197 198 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 199 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken650,500.jpg" width="700" height="419" alt="Telefunken 650 and Telefunken 500" /> 200 <p class="bildtext"> 201 <b>Telefunken T650 and T500</b> 202 </p> 203 </div> 204 205 <p>Loudspeakers were integrated into broadcasting devices since about 1932. 206 Furthermore the devices were (of course) still adapted to contemporary 207 style. These Telefunken export devices (T650 and T500) especially stick 208 out. Being built as "super" models (improving recieve quality by generating 209 an intermediate frequency) the technical working was very good. 210 </p> 211 212 <div class="box left clear-after"> 213 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken,musikschrank.jpg" width="350" height="610" alt="Telefunken radiogramophone" /> 214 <p class="bildtext"> 215 Having intelligent all-in-one furniture suitable for all kinds of music is an old dream 216 which appeared some years after the introducion of mass broadcasting. The radiogramophone 217 on the left is the <b>Telefunken 650 GK</b> from 1931/32. The record player was quite 218 modern, featuring a magnetic system and electric motor. On the other hand it still used 219 gramophone needles and the needlessly weighty pick-up stressed the records. 220 Nevertheless the sound quality of the radiogramophone was much better, compared to an 221 ordinary gramophone player. The chassis is made out of noble walnut trees, therefore 222 this piece of furniture was very expensive. 223 </p> 224 </div> 225 226 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 227 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/ultramar3.jpg" width="600" height="533" alt="Körting Ultramar" /> 228 <p class="bildtext"> 229 <b>Körting Ultramar</b>: One of the most 149 230 nobel, most complex and most expensive recievers made in 1935. 150 231 Its circuitry contains 11 vacuum tubes driving two loudspeakers 151 232 which results in an astonishable quality of sound. See also 152 some pictures showing the 153 <a class="go" name="backlink-ultramar" href="/en/devices/ultramar_back.shtm">Innards of the Ultramar</a>. 233 some pictures showing the <a class="go" name="backlink-ultramar" 234 href="/en/devices/ultramar_back.shtm">Innards of the Ultramar</a>. 235 </p> 236 </div> 237 238 <div class="box left clear-after"> 239 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/metz,koffer.jpg" width="400" height="333" alt="Metz portable reciever" /> 240 <p class="bildtext">The portable reveceiver from Metz, built in 241 1956 and shown on the left, is another outstanding piece of equipment. 242 It is a so called "Kofferradio" (<i>suitcase radio</i>) since it is portable 243 and optionally battery driven, and of course since it is as compact as 244 carry-on-baggage. It even features an integrated recordplayer - forseeing the 245 development of modern multipurpose receiver/CD-player combinations. 246 Of course it still used tubes. Youth would have been able to listen to 247 Elvis Presley at the swiming pool if the device were not as expensive.</p> 154 248 </div> 155 156 <div class="box left">157 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/metz,koffer.jpg" width="400" height="333"158 alt="Metz portable reciever" class="nomargin-bottom" />159 <p class="bildtext">The portable reveceiver from Metz, built in160 1956 and shown above, is another outstanding piece of equipment.161 It is a so called "Kofferradio" so it can be carried around and162 it features even an integrated recordplayer - forseeing the163 development of modern multipurpose receiver/CD-player combinations</p>164 165 <!--166 A rapid leap in time to the youngest model in the museal collection: The portable receiver from Metz with built-in gramophone. Of course the apparature, built 1956, still uses tubes. Youth would have been able to hear their "Elvis Presley"-records in the swimming pool if the radio were much more cheaper.-->167 <div class="clear"> </div>168 </div>169 170 249 171 250 </div><!-- end of content --> -
en/communication/fax.shtm
r82 r140 15 15 <meta name="keywords" lang="de" content="Faxtechnik, Schreibtechnik, Fernschreiber, Siemens KF108, Hellfax BS 110, Fax¨bertragung, Bildfunkempfänger, Blattschreiber" /> 16 16 <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="technikum, fax engineering, writing engineering, telegraphy, hellfax, hellschreiber, olympia, flexowriter" /> 17 <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 18 <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 19 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id" /> 20 <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="22.07.2008/v5.7.23" /> 21 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="27.07.2008/v5.7.23" /> 22 <meta name="t29.comment" content="new: Hellschreiber GL, Olympia flexowriter, and some text about teletypes" /> 23 <!--changelog: 26.04.2006/v5.5.1 auf Basis de:13.04.2006/v5.5.1 --> 24 <!--changelog: 24.08.2007/v5.7.5 --> 25 <!--changelog: 15.09.2007/v5.7.8 based on 16.07.2007/v5.7.1: ein wort (astonished) --> 26 <!--changelog: 27.11.2007/v5.7.12 based on 04.11.2007/v5.7.11: Telegrafentext geaendert --> 27 <!--changelog: 21.03.2008/v5.7.20 based on 03.2008/v5.7.19: Neuer Beginn (ausschnitt), KF106, KF108, Hellfax, Telegraf neu/geaendert --> 17 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 28 18 <script type="text/javascript"> 29 19 <!-- 30 20 // small "quick & dirty" script to "open the box". See the same at /de/kommunikationstechnik/faxtechnik 31 /*function initTelegrafenstation() {32 document.getElementById("telegraf-offen").style.display = "none";33 document.getElementById("telegraf-zu").getElementsByTagName("img")[0].style.cursor = "pointer";34 }35 function switchTelegrafenstation() {36 document.getElementById("telegraf-zu").style.display = "none";37 document.getElementById("telegraf-offen").style.display = "block";38 }*/39 21 // umgeschrieben fuers Hellfax 40 22 function initGeraeteoeffner() { 41 /*document.getElementById("telegraf-offen").style.display = "none";42 document.getElementById("telegraf-zu").getElementsByTagName("img")[0].style.cursor = "pointer";*/43 44 23 document.getElementById("hellfax-offen").style.display = "none"; 45 24 document.getElementById("hellfax-zu").style.cursor = "pointer"; 46 47 25 } 48 26 … … 51 29 document.getElementById(name+"-offen").style.display = name=="telegraf"?"block":"inline"; 52 30 } 31 32 var backup = window.onload; 33 window.onload = function() { backup(); initGeraeteoeffner(); } 53 34 // --> 54 35 </script> 55 36 </head> 56 <body onLoad="initGeraeteoeffner();">37 <body> 57 38 <!--#echo encoding="none" var="heading" --> 58 39 <div id="content"> 59 <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2> 60 61 <div class="box left"> 40 <!-- Etwas unkonventionell - mehrere h2 auf der Seite verteilt --> 41 <h2>Telegraphy</h2> 42 43 <div class="box left clear-after"> 62 44 <a href="/en/devices/morse_telegraph.shtm" name="backlink-morse-telegraph"><img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telegrafie-regal.jpg" alt="The telegraph's rack" width="240" height="464" /></a> 63 45 <div class="bildtext"> … … 78 60 </p> 79 61 </div> 80 <div class="clear"> </div>81 62 </div> 82 63 … … 104 85 </div>--> 105 86 106 <div class="box center ">87 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 107 88 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/morsetelegraph-um1900.jpg" width="439" height="249" alt="Morsetelegraph um 1900" /> 108 <p class="bildtext -bildbreite" style="width:439px;">This telegraph station was built in the time about 1900. More than 100 years ago, no one cared about time89 <p class="bildtext">This telegraph station was built in the time about 1900. More than 100 years ago, no one cared about time 109 90 thus communication was quite unhurried.</p> 110 91 </div> 111 92 112 <div class="box center ">93 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 113 94 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/morseempfaenger.jpg" width="439" height="254" alt="Morse reciever" /> 114 <p class="bildtext -bildbreite" style="width:439px;">This picture shows the edgewise view from the morse reciever. The apparature is connected to a paper tape morse transmitter from the 60s.</p>95 <p class="bildtext">This picture shows the edgewise view from the morse reciever. The apparature is connected to a paper tape morse transmitter from the 60s.</p> 115 96 </div> 116 97 98 <h2>Fax engineering, Picture Telegraphy</h2> 99 100 <!-- Eigentlich steht hier ziemlich anderes Zeug im Deutschen (Januar 2010), 101 aber gespickt mit alten Spezialbegriffen, fuer die es im englischen keine 102 Uebersetzungen gibt (bereits erstes Wort: Faximile) --> 103 117 104 <p>It is quite incredible: Fax machines were already mass-produced in 1929. However, it 118 105 was difficult to run these machines. The first pracitcal fax machines are a german invention: The "Normalpapierfax" (a fax machine that … … 182 169 </div> 183 170 184 <div class="box center ">171 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 185 172 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/siemens_kf106.jpg" width="513" height="416" alt="SIEMENS fax machine KF 106" /> 186 <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width:513px;"> 187 The <b>Siemens (HELL) fax machine KF 106</b> is very rare. This "remote copy machine" was produced in 188 1954/55. The ink-based write approach was already matured. Sad to say, the service-friendliness was quite 189 bad. The bulky device (27 kilogram) scans only a DIN A5 sheet. Already 1956 the successor KF 108 190 came on the market, with great improvements. 191 </p> 192 </div> 193 194 <div class="box center"> 173 <p class="bildtext"> 174 Very rare <b>Siemens (HELL) fax machine KF 106</b> 175 </p> 176 </div> 177 178 <p> 179 This "remote copy machine" was produced in 1954/55. The ink-based write 180 approach was already matured. Sad to say, the service-friendliness was 181 quite bad. The bulky device (27 kilogram) scans only a DIN A5 sheet. 182 Already 1956 the successor KF 108 came on the market, with great 183 improvements. 184 </p> 185 186 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 195 187 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/siemens_kf108-gross.jpg" width="520" height="363" alt="SIEMENS fax machine KF 108" /> 196 188 <p class="bildtext"> 197 The illustration shows the <b>SIEMENS fax machine KF 108</b> (year of manufacture 1956). 198 <br/>It works in a similar way like the Fultograph. Instead of the electrochemical recording, 199 ink is put on the usual paper by the help of complex mechanics. 200 201 <br/>It works similar to the fultograph. Instead of a electochemical notation, ink is brought by a small rotating sapphire reel onto normal paper. 202 <br/>A KF 108 will even be able to send and recive faxes when the modern fax devices are trashed. Of course, it is not compatible to today's devices. Siemens produced the device in a typical german manner: Everything is huge and indestructible. In these days you did not throw everything away. 203 </p> 204 </div> 205 206 <p>The next fax (year of manufacture 1963, also used for weather cards) weights 90 kg and has even electonic tubes. In the 1960s, weather offices were able to recive the latest weather cards (with pages bigger than DIN A3) with these machines.</p> 207 208 <div class="box center"> 189 <b>SIEMENS fax machine KF 108</b> (year of manufacture 1956) 190 </p> 191 </div> 192 193 <p> 194 The KF 108 works in a similar way like the Fultograph. Instead of the 195 electrochemical recording, ink is put on the usual paper with the help 196 of complex mechanics. 197 198 <br/>It works similar to the fultograph. Instead of a electochemical 199 notation, ink is brought by a small rotating sapphire reel onto normal 200 paper. 201 <br/>A KF 108 will even be able to send and recive faxes when the modern 202 fax devices are trashed. Of course, it is not compatible to today's 203 devices. Siemens produced the device in a typical german manner: Everything 204 is huge and indestructible. In these days you did not throw everything away. 205 </p> 206 207 <p> 208 The next fax (year of manufacture 1963, also used for weather cards) weights 209 90 kg and has even electonic tubes. In the 1960s, weather offices were able 210 to recive the latest weather cards (with pages bigger than DIN A3) with 211 these machines. 212 <br/>The Hellfax-Blattschreiber BS 100 shows how exhausting it was to send 213 DIN A2 fax drawings in the 1960s. This device was used to recive weather 214 cards with radio communication. You can also see an <a class="go" 215 name="backlink-hellfax" href="/en/devices/hellfax-functionality.shtm">Hellfax 216 unctional diagram</a>. Clicking on the picture will open the front lid. 217 </p> 218 219 220 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 209 221 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/hellfax_bs110-geschlossen.jpg" alt="The Hellfax-Blatschreiber BS 100, with closed lid" onClick="switchGeraet('hellfax');" id="hellfax-zu" /> 210 222 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/hellfax_bs110-geoeffnet.jpg" alt="The Hellfax-Blattschreiber BS 110 with opened lid" id="hellfax-offen" /> 211 223 <p class="bildtext"> 212 The <b>Hellfax-Blattschreiber BS 100</b> shows how exhausting it was to send DIN A2 fax drawings in the 1960s. This device was used to recive weather cards with radio communication. You can also see an <a class="go" name="backlink-hellfax" href="/en/devices/hellfax-functionality.shtm">Hellfax functional diagram</a>. Click on the picture to open the front lid. 224 <b>Hellfax-Blattschreiber BS 110</b> 213 225 </p> 214 226 </div> 227 228 <h2>Teletype technology</h2> 215 229 216 230 <!-- … … 230 244 Auf Basis dieses Textes nun meine englische Übersetzung: 231 245 --> 232 <div class="box center ">246 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 233 247 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/hellschreiber.jpg" width="629" height="245" alt="Hellschreiber GL 72" /> 234 <p class="bildtext -bildbreite" style="width:629px;">248 <p class="bildtext"> 235 249 The <b>Hellschreiber GL 72</b>, year of manufacture 1952 236 250 (in the picture on the left). This device assignes an unique … … 262 276 disaster safe kind of communication.</p> 263 277 264 <div class="box center ">278 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 265 279 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/fernschreiber.jpg" width="520" height="536" alt="Teletypewriter" /> 266 <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width:520px;"> 267 Teletype from Siemens, year of manufacture 1952. Below in the picture, you can see a paper tape sender. 268 While typing the text, it was fed into the paper tape and could be send afterwards quite fast. 269 This is quite equal how today's e-mail clients work: They buffer the text while the user inputs 270 it until it is send in one go, instead of streaming the keyboard input "live" to the recipient. 271 Of course this apperature is still fully executable. 272 </p> 273 </div> 274 275 <!-- This paragraph was replaced on 27. july 08 in favour of... --> 280 <p class="bildtext"> 281 <b>Siemens Teletype</b>, year of manufacture 1952 282 </p> 283 </div> 284 285 <p> 286 Below in the picture, you can see a paper tape sender. 287 While typing the text, it was fed into the paper tape and could be send afterwards quite fast. 288 This is quite equal how today's e-mail clients work: They buffer the text while the user inputs 289 it until it is send in one go, instead of streaming the keyboard input "live" to the recipient. 290 Of course this apperature is still fully executable. 291 </p> 292 293 294 <h2>Flexowriter</h2> 295 <!-- This paragraph was replaced on 27. july 08 in favour of... --> 276 296 <!-- 277 297 <p>Long time before, telegraph offices (about 1900), the early teleprinters (1938) and Hellschreiber (1952) were used. A demonstration shows something unbelievable: The Hellschreiber writes a dictate from a dictating machine from the early fifties without mistakes!?<br/> … … 279 299 --> 280 300 <!-- ...this paragraph: --> 281 <div class="box center ">301 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 282 302 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/olympia-schreibautomat.jpg" width="629" height="242" alt="Olympia Flexowriter" /> 283 <div class="bildtext -bildbreite" style="width:629px;">303 <div class="bildtext"> 284 304 <p>As a kind of spin-off products of the teletype 285 305 development, the electromechanical "wordprocessing systems" -
en/communication/measurement.shtm
r123 r140 13 13 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/head.inc.shtm" --> 14 14 <meta name="keywords" lang="de" content="Messtechnik, Spiegelgalvanometer, Szintillationsmeßplatz" /> 15 <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />16 <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" />17 15 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 18 <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="22.07.2007/v5.7.23" />19 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="27.07.2007/v5.7.23" />20 <meta name="t29.comment" content="neu: AEG-Oszi, Schulelektronikbild geaendert" />21 <!--changelog: 19.04.2006/v5.5BETA based on 13.04.2006/v5.4.1(De) -->22 <!--changelog: 19.08.2007/v5.7.5 -->23 <!--changelog: 15.09.2007/v5.7.8 based on 18.07.2007/v5.7FINAL: Kaiserzeit ersetzt, morsing sache auch -->24 16 </head> 25 17 <body> … … 35 27 --> 36 28 37 <div class="box left ">29 <div class="box left clear-after"> 38 30 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/experimente.jpg" alt="Some of the experimental physics devices" width="396" height="451" class="nomargin-bottom" /> 39 31 <p class="bildtext"> … … 43 35 <br/>We will go into detail for some of the devices shown on the left. 44 36 </p> 45 <div class="clear"></div>46 37 </div> 47 38 48 <div class="box left"> 49 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/universalmessgeraet.jpg" alt="Fotografie des Universalmeßgerätes" width="396" height="325" class="nomargin-bottom" /> 39 <h3>Galvanometer</h3> <!-- sic --> 40 41 <div class="box left clear-after"> 42 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/universalmessgeraet.jpg" alt="Fotografie des Universalmeßgerätes" width="396" height="325" /> 50 43 <p class="bildtext"> 51 44 This is a remarkably functional, big and beautiful all-purpose measurement device made by Siemens & Halske (about 1905). At that time even simple objects of utulity were made lovely detailed. This device was used as auxiliary device for morsing purposes in the national administration of the German Empire. 52 45 </p> 53 <div class="clear"> </div>54 46 </div> 55 47 56 <div class="box right ">57 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/galvanometer.jpg" alt="Galvometers" width="321" height="275" class="nomargin-bottom"/>48 <div class="box right clear-after"> 49 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/galvanometer.jpg" alt="Galvometers" width="321" height="275" /> 58 50 <p class="bildtext">This is only an example from the early measurement technique: any galvanometer from the 20s. The lovely, sumptuous and nice design of the appearance is unmistakable, althought it is only a simple customer equipment.</p> 59 <div class="clear"> </div>60 51 </div> 61 52 62 <div class="box left ">53 <div class="box left clear-after"> 63 54 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/h&b-galvanometer.jpg" alt="Photography of a mirror galvanometer" width="396" height="436" /> 64 55 <div class="bildtext"> … … 70 61 By this way very long needle lengths (multiple meters) could be simulated. 71 62 Such a galvanometer must be set up absolutely horizontally and vibration-free. 72 <br/>The <b>Mirror Galvanometer</b> by Hartmann & nbsp; Braun is63 <br/>The <b>Mirror Galvanometer</b> by Hartmann & Braun is 73 64 a simple and functional demonstration model from the 1920s.</p> 74 65 </div> 75 <div class="clear"> </div>76 66 </div> 67 68 <h3>Cathode Ray Tubes</h3> 77 69 78 <div class="box left ">70 <div class="box left clear-after"> 79 71 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/loewe-kathodenstrahl.jpg" alt="Photography of the cathode ray tube" width="396" height="189" /> 80 72 <p class="bildtext"> … … 92 84 93 85 <!-- paragraph: AEG Oszi. Translated/Started at 28.07.08--> 94 <div class="box right ">95 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/aeg-oszi.jpg" alt="Photography of an AEG oscilloscope" width="425" height="419" class="nomargin-bottom"/>86 <div class="box right clear-after"> 87 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/aeg-oszi.jpg" alt="Photography of an AEG oscilloscope" width="425" height="419" /> 96 88 <p class="bildtext"> 97 89 After the currency reform in West Germany, the production … … 105 97 absolutely with this device, you always need reference sizes. 106 98 </p> 107 <div class="clear"> </div>108 99 </div> 109 100 110 <div class="box left ">111 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/phywe-oszi.jpg" alt="Photography of a Phywe demonstration oscilloscope" width="396" height="269" class="nomargin-bottom"/>101 <div class="box left clear-after"> 102 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/phywe-oszi.jpg" alt="Photography of a Phywe demonstration oscilloscope" width="396" height="269" /> 112 103 <p class="bildtext"> 113 104 The "Physikalischen Werkstätten" (<i>phsyical facilities</i>), <b>Phywe</b>, … … 117 108 were state-of-art at those days. 118 109 </p> 119 <div class="clear"> </div>120 110 </div> 111 112 <h3>Radio engineering</h3> 121 113 122 <div class="box left ">123 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/neva-funktechnik.jpg" alt="Photography of the Neva Experimental system" width="396" height="280" class="nomargin-bottom"/>114 <div class="box left clear-after"> 115 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/neva-funktechnik.jpg" alt="Photography of the Neva Experimental system" width="396" height="280" /> 124 116 <p class="bildtext">With the <b>NEVA radio technology system</b>, students could 125 117 do challenging experiments like measuring the wave lengths in the VHF area … … 127 119 niedrig sind => ungefaehrlich. --> 128 120 </p> 129 <div class="clear"> </div>130 121 </div> 131 122 132 <div class="box left"> 133 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/digitalexperimentiersystem.jpg" alt="photography of an electronic experimental system for use in schools" width="396" height="509" class="nomargin-bottom" /> 123 <h3>Digital experience system</h3> 124 125 <div class="box left clear-after"> 126 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/digitalexperimentiersystem.jpg" alt="photography of an electronic experimental system for use in schools" width="396" height="509" /> 134 127 <p class="bildtext">This big white board is an experience system from 135 128 <b>Leybold</b> from the early 1970s. At that time, the subject … … 138 131 etc. This was quite fascinating for students at that time. Today, in ordinary 139 132 schools, there is no more time for electronics in the curriculars.</p> 140 <div class="clear"> </div>141 133 </div> 134 135 <h3>The world of electronical calculating</h3> <!-- schleim... --> 142 136 143 <div class="box left ">144 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/frequenz-ereigniszaehler.jpg" alt="Photography of different frequency- and event counters" width="396" height="500" class="nomargin-bottom"/>137 <div class="box left clear-after"> 138 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/frequenz-ereigniszaehler.jpg" alt="Photography of different frequency- and event counters" width="396" height="500" /> 145 139 <p class="bildtext"><b>Calculating requires counting</b> 146 140 <br/>Last but not least we show a composition of (frequency) counters from … … 149 143 The different counting tubes (e.g. E1T or GC10B) and the very different 150 144 display types are quite impressive.</p> 151 <div class="clear"> </div>152 145 </div> 146 153 147 </div><!-- end of content --> 154 148 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/menu.inc.shtm" --> -
en/communication/sound_technology.shtm
r123 r140 15 15 <meta name="keywords" lang="de" content="Kosmograph Diktiergerät, Loewe Ferrophon III, Loewe, Diktiergerät" /> 16 16 <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="technikum, museum, communication, gramophone, Loewe, dictating machine" /> 17 <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />18 <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" />19 17 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 20 <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="v5.8.x/10.2008" />21 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="v5.8.x+1/13.10.2008" />22 <meta name="t29.comment" content="New: Dual 1000 gramophone automatic recorder" />23 <!--changelog: 26.04.2006/v5.5.1 -->24 <!--changelog: 19.08.2007/v5.7.5 (Überetzung/Umstrukturierung v5.7) auf Basis 19.08.2007/v5.7.1 -->25 <!--changelog: 27.07.2008/v5.8.0 auf Basis 22.07.2008/v5.8.0 Update: AEG-Magnetophon, Klein-Reporter W52 -->26 18 </head> 27 19 <body> … … 30 22 <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2> 31 23 32 <p>It was a long way with many quaint and interesting variants until the today's CD. Trumpet gramophone, tape recorders in its history of development, (among others AEG, 39kg heavy full-track technology from 1938), Optaphon, the first mechanically controlled autoreserve (1952) until professional tape recorders from 1960 are shown. Futhermore: Wire recorders, automatical answering machines (1954), devices with "gramophone bands" where the sound was not saved magnetically but like on gramophone records (Tefifon) and many more. 33 <br/>On this page, we have chosen one of the three dictaphones from the early office technology.</p> 24 <p>It was a long way with many strange and interesting variants until the today's CD. 25 Trumpet gramophone, tape recorders in its history of development, (among others 26 AEG, 39kg heavy full-track technology from 1938), Optaphon, the first mechanically 27 controlled autoreserve (1952) until professional tape recorders from 1960 are shown. 28 Futhermore: Wire recorders, automatical answering machines (1954), devices with 29 "gramophone bands" where the sound was not saved magnetically but like on 30 gramophone records (Tefifon) and many more. 31 </p> 32 33 <h3>Dictating machines</h3> 34 <p>As an excerpt, this is one of the dictaphones from the early office technology.</p> 34 35 35 <p>Only the drive was electrical. The sonic oscillations were conducted through a mouthpiece and an hose made of metal and scored in the rotating disc with a kind of graver. The disc could be played back with an horn (left side of the picture) or with earphones that were connected with hoses to the pickup (left side). Of course the quality was cruel.</p> 36 <p>Only the drive was electrical. The sonic oscillations were conducted through a 37 mouthpiece and an hose made of metal and scored in the rotating disc with a 38 kind of graver. The disc could be played back with an horn (left side of 39 the picture) or with earphones that were connected with hoses to the pickup 40 (left side). Of course the quality was cruel.</p> 36 41 37 <div class="box center ">42 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 38 43 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/kosmograph.jpg" width="546" height="407" alt="Dictating-machine KOSMOGRAPH" /> 39 <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 546px;">Dictating-machine <b>KOSMOGRAPH</b> from the dictating machine factury of Dresden (1935)</p> 44 <p class="bildtext"> 45 Dictating-machine <b>KOSMOGRAPH</b> from the dictating machine factury of Dresden (1935) 46 </p> 40 47 </div> 48 49 50 <h3>Rare tape recorders</h3> 41 51 42 <div class="box center ">52 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 43 53 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/aeg-magnetophon.jpg" alt="Photography of the AEG Magnetophon" width="546" height="407" /> 44 <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 546px;"> 45 <!-- Paragraph translated: 27.07.08 19:00--> 46 Tape recorders that are built before 1952 are technically very interesting and nowadays very rare. The <b>AEG Magnetophon AW 1</b> was built in 1948/49 with the state of art of 1939. The auxiliary case contains amplifiers for recording and replay as well as a loud speaker. On the original tape that is pictured in the photography, one can listen to a german carneval convention <!-- sic! --> recorded in the early 1950s. At that time the device was too expensive for private customers. 54 <p class="bildtext"> 55 Tape recorders that are built before 1952 are technically very interesting 56 and nowadays very rare. The <b>AEG Magnetophon AW 1</b> was built in 1948/49 57 with the state of art of 1939. The auxiliary case contains amplifiers for 58 recording and replay as well as a loud speaker. On the original tape that 59 is pictured in the photography, one can listen to a german carneval 60 convention <!-- sic! --> recorded in the early 1950s. At that time the 61 device was too expensive for private customers. 47 62 </p> 48 63 </div> 49 64 50 <div class="box center ">65 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 51 66 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/loewe_opta.jpg" alt="Ferrophon IIIc/3" width="546" height="405" /> 52 <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 546px;">A radio reporter in 1951 had to be a strong guy to carry the Ferrophon around. This semi-professional tape recorder of Loewe Opta Radio AG Type "Ferrophon IIIc/3" was hardly affordable for the non-commercial user. The replay quality is excellent (max. tape speed of 76cm/sec!) and likewise the used components (a lot of copper parts) which was rare in the early past war years. 53 Including a match box in the picture helps to visualize the physical size of this recorder combination. </p> 67 <p class="bildtext"> 68 A radio reporter in 1951 had to be a strong guy to carry the Ferrophon 69 around. This semi-professional tape recorder of Loewe Opta Radio AG Type 70 "Ferrophon IIIc/3" was hardly affordable for the non-commercial user. The 71 replay quality is excellent (max. tape speed of 76cm/sec!) and likewise 72 the used components (a lot of copper parts) which was rare in the early 73 past war years. 74 </p> 54 75 </div> 76 77 <h3>Shellac <!-- sic! rarely: shellack --> disc changer</h3> 55 78 56 79 <div class="box center"> 57 80 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/schellackplattenspieler.jpg" alt="Automatic recorder changer for shellac records" width="546" height="343" /> 58 <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 546px;"> 59 <!-- paragraph translated: 13.10.2008 01:25 --> 60 Gramophone records are used as sound storage media for quite a long time. After all, in the 1950s, the shellac records were invented. Breakage was very common in this era, until it was displaced by the vinyl records. Automatic record changers were quite rare in the shellac era. The photography above shows the <b>"Dual 1000"</b>, built in 1951/52. The slowly moving pick-up arm while record changing demonstrates the way of listening music at that time. 61 At first this device used the old steel needles that decreased in quality after only three records, until sapphire styluses were invented. 62 </p> 63 </div> 81 </div> 82 83 <p> 84 Gramophone records were used as sound storage media for quite a long time. 85 After all, in the 1950s, the shellac records were invented. Breakage was 86 very common in this era, until it was displaced by the vinyl records. 87 Automatic record changers were quite rare in the shellac era. The photography 88 above shows the <b>"Dual 1000"</b>, built in 1951/52. The slowly moving 89 pick-up arm while record changing demonstrates the way of listening music 90 at that time. 91 At first this device used the old steel needles that decreased in quality 92 after only three records, until sapphire styluses were invented. 93 </p> 64 94 65 <div class="box center"> 95 96 <h3>Wire recording devices</h3> <!-- von Drahtton => Wikipedia --> 97 98 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 66 99 <a href="/en/devices/schaub-lorenz-supraphon.shtm" name="backlink-supraphon" title="See a More detailed photography"><img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/schaub-lorenz-supraphon.jpg" alt="Schaub Lorenz Supraphon" width="546" height="561" /></a> 67 <div class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 546px"> 68 <b>(Schaub-)Lorenz Supraphon</b>, year of manufacture 1952. 69 <p>This device uses wires as sound storage media. Thus an hour of music fits into the small coil shown on the right side of device. This is the advantage of using steel wire: It doesn't need much space. The quality of sound was quite suitable, but the flimsy wire was always in danger of tearing. 70 <br/>With this device, you could also listen to a shellac record (78 RPM) while record concurrently to wire.</p> 71 <p>The era of devices using wires to store sound began before the second world war but was already finished at 1965. In this time, tape recorders conquered the market.<br/>Clicking on the picture will show <a href="/en/devices/schaub-lorenz-supraphon.shtm" class="go">a larger and more detailed version</a>.</p> 72 73 <!-- start of Paragraph "Klein-Reporter W 52", translated 27.07.2008 --> 74 <p>Among others, dictating machines also used wires as sound storage media. Thus they could be built quite compactly. The width of a wire tape is only 7cm (about 1.5 inch), but it records about 100 minutes.</p> 75 76 <p><img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/reichhalter.diktiergeraet.jpg" width="546" height="222" alt="Photography of the Klein-Reporter"/> 77 </p> 78 <div class="clear"></div> 79 80 <p>The <b>Klein-Reporter W 52</b> (translated literally "small reporter") was made by the german firm REICHHALTER, year of manufacture 1952. On the record which is pictured in the photography one can listen to an original reading about the allied powers in Germany after the World War II. This record is at least 55 years old! Apparently the magnetization of the wire is still very good. </p> 81 <!-- end of Paragraph "Klein reporter ..." --> 82 </div> 83 </div> 100 <p class="bildtext"> 101 <b>(Schaub-) Lorenz Supraphon</b> 102 </p> 103 </div> 104 105 <p> 106 This device (year of manufacture 1952) uses wires as sound storage media. 107 An hour of music fits into the small coil shown on the right side of 108 device. This is the advantage of using steel wire: It doesn't need much 109 space. The quality of sound was almost tolerable, but the flimsy wire was 110 always in danger of tearing. 111 </p> 112 <p> 113 With this device, you could also listen to a shellac record (78 RPM) while 114 recording it concurrently to wire. The era of devices using wires to store 115 sound began before the second world war but was already finished at 1965. 116 In this time, tape recorders conquered the market. 117 Clicking on the picture will show <a href="/en/devices/schaub-lorenz-supraphon.shtm" 118 class="go">a larger and more detailed version</a>. 119 </p> 120 <p> 121 Among others, dictating machines also used wires as sound storage media. Thus 122 they could be built quite compactly. The width of a wire tape is only 7cm 123 about 1.5 inch), but it records about 100 minutes. The <b>Klein-Reporter W 52</b> 124 (translated literally "small reporter"), shown below, was made by the german 125 company REICHHALTER, year of manufacture 1952. On the record tape (as shown 126 in the photography) you can listen to an original law lecture about the allied 127 powers in Germany after the World War II. 128 </p> 129 <div class="box center"> 130 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/reichhalter.diktiergeraet.jpg" width="546" height="222" alt="Photography of the Klein-Reporter"/> 131 </div> 132 <p> 133 This record is at least 55 years old. Apparently the magnetization of the wire 134 is still very good. 135 </p> 84 136 85 137 </div><!-- end of content --> -
en/communication/television.shtm
r121 r140 15 15 <meta name="keywords" lang="de" content="Fernsehen, Videorekorder, Saba, Ampex, Saba Schauinsland W II, Ampex VR 650" /> 16 16 <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="technikum, communication, television, video recorder, saba, ampex, vr 650" /> 17 <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 18 <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 19 <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="18.07.2007/v5.7.1" /> 20 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="19.08.2007/v5.7.5" /> 21 <!--changelog: 26.04.2006/v5.5.1 --> 17 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 22 18 </head> 23 19 <body> … … 26 22 <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2> 27 23 28 <div class="box left ">24 <div class="box left clear-after"> 29 25 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/ausschnitt-fernsehraum.jpg" alt="Extract from the television area" width="396" height="297" class="nomargin-bottom" /> 30 26 <div class="bildtext" style="padding-top: 147px;">Extract from the television room</div> 31 <div class="clear"> </div>32 27 </div> 33 28 34 <p>In 1952, television was a sensation and only affordable by paying several monthly salaries. Many still working televisions from 1952 to 1956 (of course black and white, one programme!) show how television was watched in its early time. You can also see the former East Germany's <!-- GDR --> first television (round picture tube), "colored television" (by using a foil) and projection systems from the early fifties.</p> 29 <p>In 1952, television was a sensation and only affordable by paying several 30 monthly salaries. Many still working televisions from 1952 to 1956 (of 31 course black and white, one programme!) show how television was watched 32 in its early time. You can also see the former East Germany's <!-- GDR --> 33 first television (round picture tube), "colored television" (by using a 34 foil) and projection systems from the early fifties. 35 </p> 35 36 36 <div class="box center">37 <div class="box left clear-after"> 37 38 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/saba.schauinsland.jpg" alt="Saba Schauinsland WII" width="420" height="310" /> 38 <p class="bildtext">One of the first television recievers from the postwar period is the <strong>Saba Schauinsland WII</strong>. In 1954 people crowded together in front of the showcase from a radio shop for watching the soccer world championship just out of the 36cm-picture tube installed in this apparature.</p> 39 <p class="bildtext"> 40 One of the first television recievers from the postwar period is 41 the <b>Saba Schauinsland WII</b>. In 1954 people crowded together 42 in front of the showcase from a radio shop for watching the soccer 43 world championship just out of the 36cm-picture tube installed in 44 this device. 45 </p> 39 46 </div> 40 47 41 <div class="box left ">48 <div class="box left clear-after"> 42 49 <a href="/en/devices/saba-telerama.shtm" name="backlink-telerama" title="Erläuterung und Bild der Telerama-Projektion anschauen"><img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/saba_telerama.jpg" alt="Saba Telerama" width="360" height="466" /></a> 43 50 <div class="bildtext"> … … 45 52 <p>Since 1956, the German company SABA produced projection TV-sets. The advertisements said you could even watch television in light rooms which are not shaded. This promise was exaggerated: Only with a special projection screen (made by Saba) which reflects the light primarily in one direction, you can see a sufferable image. Clicking on the picture will show you an <a href="/en/devices/saba-telereama.shtm" class="go">explanation of the Telerama projection technology.</a></p> 46 53 <p>On the right hand in the background you can see a multifunctional device made by Nordmende to see television, hear to broadcasting and gramophone records. On the left the concurrency device with the same features made by Telefunken. They are both made in 1954.</p> 47 </div> 48 <div class="clear"> </div> 54 </div> 49 55 </div> 50 56 51 <div class="box left"> 52 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/sony_kp5010.jpg" alt="Fotografie vom Sony KP 5010" width="360" height="466" class="nomargin-bottom" /> 53 <div class="bildtext"><b>Sony KP 5010</b> 54 <p>This is the world's first rear projection colour television set. It was built in the early 1970s and does not yet use ICs but transistors (second generation).</p> 55 <!-- 2 Grundfarben kommt nicht, weil die englischen Besucher nicht das technikum29 besuchen werden --> 57 <div class="box left clear-after"> 58 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/sony_kp5010.jpg" alt="Fotografie vom Sony KP 5010" width="360" height="466" /> 59 <div class="bildtext"> 60 <b>Sony KP 5010</b> 61 <p>This is the world's first rear projection colour television set. It was built in the early 1970s and does not yet use ICs but transistors (second generation).</p> 62 <!-- 2 Grundfarben kommt nicht, weil die englischen Besucher nicht das technikum29 besuchen werden --> 63 </div> 56 64 </div> 57 <div class="clear"> </div> 65 66 <div class="box left clear-after"> 67 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken.tp1005.jpg" alt="Fotografie des Telefunken Bildplattenspielers TP1005" width="360" height="236" /> 68 <p class="bildtext">Furthermore we demonstrate executable heavy video recorders with 1- or as well 2-inch tapes (Ampex, Grundig, Philips) and players for optical videodisks which are quite awesome. In 1975 the Telefunken optical videodisc player <b>TP 1005</b> (picture on the right) came on the market. A mechanically driven micro-diamond scanned the optical videodisks. Unfortunately the system did not get recognition any more because the disks stores only ten minutes of video.</p> 58 69 </div> 59 70 60 <div class="box left"> 61 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/telefunken.tp1005.jpg" alt="Fotografie des Telefunken Bildplattenspielers TP1005" width="360" height="236" class="nomargin-bottom" /> 62 <p class="bildtext">Furthermore we demonstrate executable heavy video recorders with 1- or as well 2-inch tapes (Ampex, Grundig, Philips) and players for optical videodisks which are quite awesome. In 1975 the Telefunken optical videodisc player <b>TP 1005</b> (picture on the right) came on the market. A mechanically driven micro-diamond scanned the optical videodisks. Unfortunately the system did not get recognition any more because the disks stores only ten minutes of video.</p> 63 <div class="clear"> </div> 64 </div> 65 66 <div class="box center"> 71 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 67 72 <img src="/shared/photos/kommunikationstechnik/ampex.vr650.jpg" alt="AMPEX VR 650" width="600" height="369" /> 68 73 <p class="bildtext"><b>AMPEX VR 650</b>, an early bulky transportable video unit from Ampex, equipped with 2-inch tapes from 1964. It was the first transistorized apparature made by Ampex, featuring germanium transistors. Of course the device was not intended for privat use. Although it was versatile, hospitals often recorded radiographies with this apparature.</p> -
en/computer/analog.shtm
r128 r140 13 13 14 14 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/head.inc.shtm" --> 15 <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />16 15 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 17 <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="20.12.2008/v5.8.x" />18 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="20.12.2008/v5.8.x+1" />19 <!--changelog: 26.04.2006/v5.5.1, Original 2005/v4.1.1 -->20 <!--changelog: 21.08.2007/v5.7.5 Original: 18.07.2007/v5.7FINAL:v5.7 Änderungen (Struktur), Synchronisation der Übersetzung -->21 <!--changelog: 09.09.2007/v5.7.6, Original: 08.09.2007/v5.7.6: EAI 185/180 + DO 240 neu -->22 <meta name="t29.comment" content="New top pagaragphs translation, +ETA" />23 16 </head> 24 17 <body> … … 71 64 </div> 72 65 73 <div class="box left " style="margin-top: 0;">66 <div class="box left clear-after" style="margin-top: 0;"> 74 67 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/heathkit-ausschnitt.jpg" alt=" Heathkit Analog Computers H1" width="247" height="179" class="nomargin-bottom"/> 75 68 <div class="bildtext"> … … 80 73 promition of industrial and technological history)</a>. 81 74 </div> 82 <div class="clear"> </div>83 75 </div> 84 76 85 <div class="box left ">77 <div class="box left clear-after"> 86 78 <h3>Heathkit Analog Computer EC-1</h3> 87 79 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/heathkit EC-1.jpg" width="365" height="256" alt="Heathkit EC-1" /> … … 93 85 inexactly to be used for real computing. 94 86 <br/>This device costed around 1.900 DM (about 900 Euro/500US$) </p> 95 96 <div class="clear"> </div>97 87 </div> 98 88 … … 128 118 129 119 <div class="clear"> </div> 130 <div class="box center"> 131 <h3>EAI 180 digital-anlog computer</h3> 120 <!-- Yay, strange layout... --> 121 122 <h3>EAI 180 and EAI 185 digital-anlog computer</h3> 132 123 133 <p><b>EAI 180</b> from "Electronic Associates Incorporated", 134 New Jersey, is a so called <b>hybrid computer</b> (hybris [greek]: From twofold parentage), year of manufacture 1970. It contains the parts of an analoge computer and these from a digital computer. The device is equipped with IC's from the first generation (DTL-technology). The calculation circuit is plugged with cables on the front panel. The cycle time from the analoge part can be set to less than 10ms. With that parameter, an equation will be solved at least 100 times per second. So you can watch the output with a simple oscilloscope.<br><br> 135 </p> 136 124 <p><b>EAI 180</b> from "Electronic Associates Incorporated", 125 New Jersey, is a so called <b>hybrid computer</b> (hybris [greek]: From twofold parentage), year of manufacture 1970. It contains the parts of an analoge computer and these from a digital computer. The device is equipped with IC's from the first generation (DTL-technology). The calculation circuit is plugged with cables on the front panel. The cycle time from the analoge part can be set to less than 10ms. With that parameter, an equation will be solved at least 100 times per second. So you can watch the output with a simple oscilloscope.<br><br> 126 </p> 127 128 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 137 129 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/eai180.jpg" width="545" height="435" alt="EAI 180 hybrid computer" /> 130 <p class="bildtext"><b>EAI 180 hybrid computer</b></p> 138 131 </div> 132 133 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 134 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/eai,185.jpg" width="545" height="535" style="float:none" alt="EAI 185 Hybridrechner" /> 135 <p class="bildtext"><b>EAI 185 hyprid computer</b></p> 136 </div> 139 137 140 <div class="box center" style="margin-bottom: 30px;"> 141 <h3>EAI 185</h3> 142 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/eai,185.jpg" width="545" height="535" style="float:none" alt="EAI 185 Hybridrechner" /> 143 </div> 138 <p> 139 The EAI 185 is almost exactly the same as the EAI 180 (shown in the photo above). The 140 only difference is the stage of expansion – you will notice that the EAI 185 is 141 much more taller than the EAI 180. 142 They were both used in the applied physics and informatics of German Technical Universities. 143 </p> 144 144 145 <p> 146 The EAI 185 is almost exactly the same as the EAI 180 (shown in the photo above). The 147 only difference is the stage of expansion – you will notice that the EAI 185 is 148 much more taller than the EAI 180. 149 They were both used in the applied physics and informatics of German Technical Universities. 150 </p> 151 <div class="clear"> </div> 145 146 <h3>Dornier DO 240 analog computer</h3> 152 147 153 154 <div class="box left"> 155 <h3 class="center">Dornier DO 240</h3> 148 <div class="box left clear-after"> 156 149 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/do_240.jpg" alt="Dornier DO 240" width="424" height="412"/> 157 150 <p class="bildtext"> … … 164 157 This computer was built in the early 1970s and was priced at 80.000 DM (about 40.000 euro/dollar) 165 158 </p> 166 <div class="clear"></div>167 159 </div> 168 160 161 <h3>(Cylindrical) slide rules</h3> 169 162 <div class="box center"> 170 <h3 class="center">(Cylindrical) slide rules</h3> 171 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/rechenschieber.jpg" 163 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/rechenschieber.jpg" 172 164 alt="Slide rule (slipstick) and Cylindrical slide rule" width="694" height="161"/> 173 <p> 174 Last but not least a mechanical analog computer that was used up to 175 the 1970s for scientific calculations without hand and desk calculators. 176 <br/>The picture above displays a 1.8m long demo slide rule 177 made of wood (1950s) that was used in schools for students since the 178 10th grade. Compared to hand calculators, these analog computers 179 also had some advantages: Students could not give absurd computing 180 precisions, these "computers" were cheap and quite fast. The big 181 disadvantage was that adding and subtracting was not possible at all. 182 <br/>To get higher precisions in the 1920s, there was this 183 "Cylindrical slide rule". This 60cm NESTLER device can be compared 184 to an ordinary slide rule measuring 12.50m. 185 </p> 186 </div> 165 </div> 166 167 <p> 168 Last but not least a mechanical analog computer that was used up to 169 the 1970s for scientific calculations without hand and desk calculators. 170 <br/>The picture above displays a 1.8m long demo slide rule 171 made of wood (1950s) that was used in schools for students since the 172 10th grade. Compared to hand calculators, these analog computers 173 also had some advantages: Students could not give absurd computing 174 precisions, these "computers" were cheap and quite fast. The big 175 disadvantage was that adding and subtracting was not possible at all. 176 <br/>To get higher precisions in the 1920s, there was this 177 "Cylindrical slide rule". This 60cm NESTLER device can be compared 178 to an ordinary slide rule measuring 12.50m. 179 </p> 187 180 188 181 </div><!-- end of content --> -
en/computer/commercial.shtm
- Property svn:keywords changed from analog.shtm to Id
r124 r140 13 13 14 14 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/head.inc.shtm" --> 15 <meta name="keywords" content="" /> 16 <meta name="DC.Title" content="Technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 17 <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 18 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id: commercial.shtm 121 2009-11-04 23:11:29Z heribert $" /> 19 <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="17.07.2007/v5.7FINAL" /> 20 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="22.08.2007/v5.7.5" /> 21 <meta name="t29.comment" content="Mit v5.7.5 neueingeführt, Initialübersetzung von de" /> 22 <!--t29: v5.7.5: komplett B.Ulmann-Übersetzung --> 23 <!--t29: v5.7.später: Sync (NCR-Rechner-Bild Dimensionen geaendert, Heribert; Link zu Extraseite) --> 24 15 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 25 16 </head> 26 17 <body> … … 31 22 <p>In contrast to computers used for scientific applications, commercial data processing systems have a different structure since they are optimized to support large storage systems and to process lots of data like in payroll applications and the like. Sometimes the distinction between scientific and commercial systems is not a clear one. The examples below are typical small to medium systems for commercial applications.</p> 32 23 33 <div class="box right"> 24 <h3>Olivetti P 203</h3> 25 <div class="box right clear-after"> 34 26 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/olivetti_p203.jpg" alt="Olivetti P203" width="406" height="378" /> 35 27 <div class="bildtext"> 36 <b>Olivetti P 203</b>37 28 <p>In 1968 the Olivetti P 101 with enlarged memory capacity was coupled with an electric type writer which led to a system capable of printing the results of computations directly. This system is of a remarkable design and won quite some prices for Olivetti in its time. The following machines made by Olivetti departed from that and were packaged in simple cubic enclosures.</p> 38 29 </div> 39 <div class="clear"> </div>40 30 </div> 41 31 32 <h3>NCR 446</h3> 42 33 <div class="box center"> 43 34 <a href="/en/devices/ncr446.shtm" name="ncr-backlink"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ncr-rechner.jpg" alt="Photography of the NCR 446" width="670" height="502" /></a> 44 <div class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 670px;"> 45 <p>Apart from desktop calculators other small computer systems were introduced to solve commercial problems. The <b>NCR 446</b> on display is a so called accounting machine and consists of a paper tape reader and punch, a keyboard and an IBM selectric typewriter as printer. It was built 1968 in Germany. Due to its core memory and woven ROM the machine is freely programmable and thus very versatile. 46 <br/>Clicking on the picture yields a <href="/en/devices/ncr446.shtm">more detailed picture</a></p> 35 </div> 36 37 <p>Apart from desktop calculators other small computer systems were introduced to solve commercial problems. The <b>NCR 446</b> on display is a so called accounting machine and consists of a paper tape reader and punch, a keyboard and an IBM selectric typewriter as printer. It was built 1968 in Germany. Due to its core memory and woven ROM the machine is freely programmable and thus very versatile. 38 <br/>Clicking on the picture yields a <href="/en/devices/ncr446.shtm">more detailed picture</a></p> 47 39 <!-- das war B.Ulmann. Meine Übersetzung (alt): 48 40 <img src="/shared/photos/start/ncr_rechner.jpg" alt="NCR-Rechner" style="margin-right: 25px" /> … … 54 46 program freely (even scienteficially).</div> 55 47 --> 56 </div>57 </div>58 48 59 <div class="box center">60 <a href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.shtm" name="backlink-nixdorf" title="Zur Detailaufnahme der Nixdorf 820-Anlage"><img src="/shared/photos/start/nixdorf_820.jpg" alt="Nixdorf 820 Computer" width="670" height="270" /></a>61 <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 670px;">62 A typical small to medium data processing system is the <b>NIXDORF 820</b> built in 1969/1970. This system is built entirely from modules, has a magnetic account reader and a <a href="storage-media.shtm#threading-rom">threading ROM</a> which was user modifyable. The console consists of a typewriter, the magnetic account reader and two punch card readers. In addition to this the system supports a card punching unit, a high speed matrix printer (visible on the right), two cassette tape drives and a stand alone card puncher (IBM or YUKI, see above). Clicking on the picture will yield <a class="go" href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.shtm">a more detailed version</a> of it. 63 </p>64 </div> 65 49 <h3>NIXDORF 820</h3> 50 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 51 <a href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.shtm" name="backlink-nixdorf" title="Zur Detailaufnahme der Nixdorf 820-Anlage"><img src="/shared/photos/start/nixdorf_820.jpg" alt="Nixdorf 820 Computer" width="670" height="270" /></a> 52 <p class="bildtext"><b>Nixdorf 820</b> with card puncher and printer</p> 53 </div> 54 55 <p>A typical small to medium data processing system is the <b>NIXDORF 820</b> built in 1969/1970. This system is built entirely from modules, has a magnetic account reader and a <a href="storage-media.shtm#threading-rom">threading ROM</a> which was user modifyable. The console consists of a typewriter, the magnetic account reader and two punch card readers. In addition to this the system supports a card punching unit, a high speed matrix printer (visible on the right), two cassette tape drives and a stand alone card puncher (IBM or YUKI, see above). Clicking on the picture will yield <a class="go" href="/en/devices/nixdorf820.shtm">a more detailed version</a> of it.</p> 66 56 67 57 </div><!-- end of content --> -
en/computer/early-computers.shtm
- Property svn:keywords changed from analog.shtm to Id
r125 r140 14 14 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/head.inc.shtm" --> 15 15 <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="technikum29, early computers, DEC PDP, WANG 2200" /> 16 <meta name="DC.Title" content="Technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 17 <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 18 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id: early-computers.shtm 123 2009-11-11 22:56:33Z heribert $" /> 19 <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="18.07.2007/v5.7FINAL" /> 20 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="22.08.2008/v5.8FINAL" /> 21 <meta name="t29.comments" content="Link to new DEC-HISTORY page" /> 22 <!--changleog: 27.04.2006/v5.5.1 auf Basis 2005/v5.5.1 --> 23 <!--changelog: 21.08.2007/v5.7.5 auf Bais 18.07.2007/v5.7FINAL --> 24 <!--changelog: 28.07.2008/v5.8.0 auf Basis 18.07.2007/v5.7FINAL: details 2 paragraph formulierung --> 16 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 25 17 </head> 26 18 <body> … … 30 22 31 23 <p>Today's kids think of the latest mobile devices when talking about "mini computers". In contrast, in the 1960s and the early 70s, a computer was always huge (like our <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC mainframe</a>), thus a 300kg computer was "mini". Early computers are well worth seeing due to their enormous size and the nice transparent auxillary devices. 32 <br />There is a very important computer family that finally lead to today's (personal) computers: The development of the "Mini" computers from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), series PDP 8. The museum owns a complete production run from that devices: From the PDP 8 (also called Classic 8), year of manufacture 1965 to the PDP 8a (1975, this one is less important so it is located in the archive).33 <br/>For further reading see the story about <a class="go" name="backlink-dec" href="/en/devices/dec-history.shtm">Rise and Fall of DIGITAL (Equipment Corporation)</a>.24 <br />There is a very important computer family that finally lead to today's (personal) computers: The development of the "Mini" computers from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), series PDP 8. The museum owns a complete production run from that devices: From the PDP 8 (also called Classic 8), year of manufacture 1965 to the PDP 8a (1975, this one is less important so it is located in the archive). 25 <br/>For further reading see the story about <a class="go" name="backlink-dec" href="/en/devices/dec-history.shtm">Rise and Fall of DIGITAL (Equipment Corporation)</a>. 34 26 </p> 35 27 … … 38 30 <br />THe PDP 8L, a trimmed-down version of the PDP 8I, cannot hold more than 8 kB.</p> --> 39 31 40 <div class="box center"> 32 <h3>Classic PDP 8</h3> 33 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 41 34 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/classic8,594px.jpg" width="594" height="704" alt="PDP 8 Classic" /> 42 <p class="bildtext"> 35 <p class="bildtext"><b>PDP 8</b> with tape deck TU 580, paper tape reader and hard disc</p> 36 </div> 37 38 <p> 43 39 One of the museal highlights: The complete PDP 8 system with processor, 44 40 big tape deck TU 580 (originally belongs to the PDP 5, year of manufacture … … 52 48 <br/>You can also get a view from the "Flip-Chip"-card from the <a class="go" href="/en/devices/pdp-8-left-flank.shtm">left flank</a> 53 49 (<u>flank</u>). The core memory is set above (storage capacity 4kB).--> 54 </p> 55 </div> 50 </p> 56 51 57 <div class="box left ">52 <div class="box left clear-after"> 58 53 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp8i.jpg" alt="DEC PDP 8I" width="400" height="666" /> 59 54 <div class="bildtext"> … … 70 65 Calcomp 563 plotter (at the top) and of course a teletype (not in the picture).</p> 71 66 </div> 72 <div class="clear"> </div>73 67 </div> 74 68 75 <div class="box left ">69 <div class="box left clear-after"> 76 70 <a href="/en/devices/lab_8e.shtm" name="lab8e"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/lab8e.jpg" width="400" height="461" alt="LAB 8e" class="nomargin-bottom" /></a> 77 71 <!-- other picture --> … … 90 84 </ul> 91 85 </div> 92 <div class="clear"> </div>93 86 </div> 94 87 95 88 <h3>WANG 2200 with bulky peripheral hardware</h3> 96 89 <p>Furthermore the first system that looks like a today's computer is connected: <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang2200.shtm">WANG 2200</a>, year of manufacture 1973. The computer with so much peripheral devices is propably unique in Germany. The periphery: paper tape reader, reader for stacked cards, 8-inch triple disc drive, disc system with 38cm big disks (the device has a weight of 100kg and costed 24.000,- DM whereas it only saved 5MB), special basic-keyboard, etc.</p> 97 90 <p>WANG quickly recognized that the future of computers needed screens. However the concurrent HP built his -
en/computer/electro-mechanical.shtm
- Property svn:keywords changed from analog.shtm to Id
r124 r140 15 15 <meta name="keywords" lang="de" content="Elektromechanische Rechenmaschienen, Mechanische Rechenmaschienen, Madas, Curta I, Diehl VSR-18" /> 16 16 <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="technikum, calculator, electromechanical, mechanical calculator, madas, curta I, diehl VSR-18" /> 17 <meta name="DC.Title" content="Technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 18 <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 19 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id" /> 20 <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="10.2008" /> 21 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="v5.8.x/13.10.2008" /> 22 <meta name="t29.changelog" content="New: Burroughs" /> 23 <!--changelog: 22.04.2006/v5.5FINAL Original 13.04.2006/v5.5.1 --> 24 <!--changelog: 21.08.2007/v5.7.5 based on 18.07.2007/v5.7FINAL: v5.6.5: page relation to punchcard computing --> 25 <!--<meta name="t29.comment" content="v5.7 Umstrukturierung..." />--> 17 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 26 18 </head> 27 19 <body> … … 37 29 When the handwheel was replaced by an electric engine, the era of mechanical calculators began.</p> 38 30 39 <div class="box center">31 <div class="box left clear-after"> 40 32 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/burroughs.jpg" width="447" height="606" alt="Borroughs Mod.2" /> 41 33 <p class="bildtext"> … … 43 35 The first printing calculating machine was invented in the USA (about 1905) and was selled worldwide. It features a complete keyboard for 17 digits, a printing unit and a long carriage for the sheet paper. The device could be used as a simple electronic accounting machine. At that time the engines could already be built just compact enough for such a device. Anyway, the (for today's circumstances) huge engine had to be placed below the device (on the right hand side in the picture). The sack below the engine is intended for collecting the leakage oil. 44 36 </p> 45 46 37 </div> 47 38 … … 54 45 positional notation.</p> 55 46 56 <div class="box center ">57 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/madas .jpg" width="498" height="255" alt="Madas Rechenmaschiene" />47 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 48 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/madas1.jpg" width="600" height="373" alt="Madas Rechenmaschiene" /> 58 49 <p class="bildtext">Shown above: MADAS, an electromechanical calculator from 1927 59 made by the calculating machine factury "Egli AG" in Zurich. On the left side you see60 CURTA I, in the background an old matchbox that shows the enormous size of these 61 machines.</p>50 made by the calculating machine factury "Egli AG" in Zurich. 51 Since multiplying and dividing needs some time, the inventors installed a small bell (at the upper 52 left) that rings after the calculation has finished.</p> 62 53 </div> 63 54 64 <div class="box center ">65 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/rheinmetall -superautomat.jpg" width="496" height="372" alt="Rheinmetall Superautomat" />55 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 56 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/rheinmetall.jpg" width="600" height="499" alt="Rheinmetall Superautomat" /> 66 57 <p class="bildtext">1932 Rheinmetall extended an adding machine with an "annex", 67 58 thus they made a 4-species calculating machine. … … 70 61 71 62 72 <div class="box center ">73 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/diehl _vsr-18.jpg" width="469" height="360" alt="DIEHL VSR-18" />63 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 64 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/diehl-vsr18.jpg" width="500" height="375" alt="DIEHL VSR-18" /> 74 65 <p class="bildtext"><b>DIEHL VSR-18</b>, one of many mechanical calculators 75 66 built between 1955 and 1965. -
en/computer/electron-tubes.shtm
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r124 r140 15 15 <meta name="keywords" lang="de" content="Elektronenröhren, Rechner, Tischrechner, Anita Tischrechner, Röhrenrechner, Elektronenröhren, Bell Punch Co" /> 16 16 <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="technikum29, electron tubes, Anita, Bell Punch Co" /> 17 <meta name="DC.Title" content="Technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 18 <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 19 <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="18.07.2007/v5.7FINAL" /> 20 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="16.09.2007/v5.7.8" /> 21 <meta name="t29.changelog" content="käfer->beetle" /> 22 <!-- 26.04.2006/v5.5.1 german original 2005/v5.5.1 --> 23 <!-- 21.08.2007/v5.7.5 v5.6.5: page relation to punchcard computing --> 17 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 24 18 </head> 25 19 <body> -
en/computer/gamma10.shtm
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r124 r140 8 8 --><!--#set var="prev" value="gamma3.shtm" 9 9 --><!--#set var="prev_title" value="BULL GAMMA 3" 10 --><!--#set var="next" value=" punchcard.shtm"11 --><!--#set var="next_title" value=" Peripheral punch card devices"10 --><!--#set var="next" value="univac9200.shtm" 11 --><!--#set var="next_title" value="UNIVAC 9200" 12 12 --><title>Technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" --></title> 13 13 14 14 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/head.inc.shtm" --> 15 15 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 16 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="12.11.2009/21:40" />17 <meta name="t29.comment" content="tabulating machine geteilt in 3 Seiten wie auf de, translation sync" />18 16 </head> 19 17 <body> … … 22 20 <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2> 23 21 24 <div class="box center"> 25 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-gamma-10.jpg" 26 alt="BULL GAMMA 10" width="640" height="390" /> 27 <p class="bildtext"> 22 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 23 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-gamma-10.jpg" 24 alt="BULL GAMMA 10" width="640" height="390" /> 25 <p class="bildtext"><b>BULL Gamma 10 electronic data processing system</b></p> 26 </div> 27 28 <p> 28 29 In 1963 BULL (General Electric) presented the BULL GAMMA 10 (G10) 29 30 which was intended for commercial purpose and puchcard … … 47 48 is quite slow – the Univac 9400 is capable of 48 49 printing more than 1000 lines per minute. 49 </p> 50 </div> 50 </p> 51 51 52 <div class="box center ">52 <div class="box center manuelle-bildbreite" style="width: 650px;"> 53 53 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-gamma-10-offen.jpg" alt="BULL GAMMA 10 without panels" style="float:left;" width="367" height="360" /> 54 54 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/gamma-10-von-hinten.jpg" alt="BULL GAMMA 10 from the back" style="float:right;" width="268" height="360" /> 55 55 <div class="clear"></div> 56 <p class="bildtext"> 56 57 <p class="bildtext"><b>Gamma 10 uncovered</b></p> 58 </div> 59 60 <p> 57 61 The chassis is metallic bright and glossy. It is clearly arranged 58 62 and therefore the machine is quite easy to maintain. … … 61 65 complete mechanics works again. After tuning the temperature 62 66 of the heated core memory and switching some defect 63 transistors, we can already execte a program for duplicating 64 punch cards, as well as the first mathematical programs. 65 That's really sensational for such an old computer. 66 </p> 67 </div> 67 transistors, we can already execte a program for duplicating 68 punch cards, as well as the first mathematical programs. 69 That's really sensational for such an old computer. 70 </p> 68 71 72 <!-- Idiotisch - den selben Absatz unten nochmal uebersetzt, sogar mit Bild --> 73 <!-- 69 74 <div class="box left"> 70 75 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/modul-gamma10.jpg" … … 79 84 <div class="clear"></div> 80 85 </div> 86 --> 81 87 82 <div class="box left ">88 <div class="box left clear-after"> 83 89 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/steuerpult.jpg" 84 90 alt="A part from the control panel" width="485" height="379" /> … … 95 101 tubes. 96 102 </p> 97 <div class="clear"></div>98 103 </div> 99 104 100 <div class="box left ">105 <div class="box left clear-after"> 101 106 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/modul-gamma10.jpg" 102 107 alt="Picture of a typical BULL GAMMA 10 module (board)" … … 119 124 <br/>Printer: 105.000,- DM (about 50.000,- Euro, Dollar) 120 125 </p> 121 <div class="clear"></div>122 126 </div> 123 127 … … 132 136 soon.</p> 133 137 134 <div class="box left ">138 <div class="box left clear-after"> 135 139 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/anelex-drucker.jpg" 136 140 alt="ANELEX high speed printer" width="485" height="423" /> -
en/computer/gamma3.shtm
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r124 r140 14 14 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/head.inc.shtm" --> 15 15 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 16 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="12.11.2009/21:40" />17 <meta name="t29.comment" content="tabulating machine geteilt in 3 Seiten wie auf de, Uebersetzung sync" />18 16 </head> 19 17 <body> … … 22 20 <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2> 23 21 24 <div class="box left ">22 <div class="box left clear-after"> 25 23 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-gamma-3.jpg" 26 24 alt="The BULL GAMMA 3, closed state" width="156" height="210" /> … … 52 50 temporary digital states. 53 51 </p> 54 <div class="clear"></div>55 52 </div> 56 53 57 <div class="box center"> 58 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-gamma3.jpg" 59 alt="BULL GAMMA 3 Innen" width="692" height="565" /> 60 <p class="bildtext"> 54 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 55 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-gamma3.jpg" 56 alt="BULL GAMMA 3 Innen" width="692" height="565" /> 57 <p class="bildtext"><b>Tubes over Tubes: BULL Gamma 3</b></p> 58 </div> 59 60 <p> 61 61 The modules could be folded out, hence the calculator is quite 62 62 service friendly. Two big fans circulate fresh air thorught the … … 69 69 directly by the GAMMA 3. The output is transfered back to the 70 70 printing unit from the Tabulating Machine. 71 </p> 72 </div> 71 </p> 73 72 74 <div class="box left ">73 <div class="box left clear-after"> 75 74 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/gamma-3-netzteil.jpg" 76 75 alt="BULL GAMMA 3 power supply" width="350" height="527" /> … … 93 92 At the left side you see dozens of electrolytic capacitors. 94 93 </p> 95 <div class="clear"></div>96 94 </div> 97 95 -
en/computer/ic-technology.shtm
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r126 r140 14 14 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/head.inc.shtm" --> 15 15 <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="technikum29, third-generation calculators, HP, HP 9100, HP 9830, Wang 700, BASIC" /> 16 <meta name="DC.Title" content="Technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 17 <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 18 <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="21.12.2008" /> 19 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="22.12.2008" /> 20 <meta name="t29.comment" content="Combitronic new, +p after combitronic, more text to HP rack" /> 21 <!--changelog: 18.04.2006/v5.5ALPHA auf Basis 13.04.2006/v5.1.1 --> 22 <!--changelog: 18.07.2007/v5.7FINAL auf Basis 21.08.2007/v5.7.5 --> 23 <!--changelog: v5.7.5: WANG 700 von B.Ulmann --> 16 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 24 17 </head> 25 18 <body> … … 38 31 1971 the first scientifically programmable "pocket calculators" with the size of 39 32 a matchbox came on the market, too. 40 <a class="go" href="/en/details1.shtm" title="Details 1">see also details 1</a></p>33 See also: <a class="go" href="/en/details1.shtm" title="Details 1">Tabular list of desk calculators</a></p> 41 34 42 35 <!-- altes Photo, alter TExt: <div class="box center"> … … 51 44 </div> Und nun die B.Ulmann-Übersetzung: --> 52 45 53 <div class="box center"> 46 <h3>WANG 700</h3> 47 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 54 48 <a href="/en/devices/wang700.shtm" name="backlink-wang700" title="Detailed Photo of WANG 700"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang700-anlage.jpg" alt="WANG 700" width="600" height="438" /></a> 55 < div class="bildtext">56 <p>The picture shows a unique system with a <b>WANG 700</b> at its heart. It is a one-of-a-kind machine and was built specifically for the department of mathematical didactics of a German university. Students of pure mathematics were forced to compete for the scarce CPU time on the university's mainframe while students of mathematical didactics had exclusive access to the system shown which eventually led to some arguments between both faculties.</p>57 <p>On the left the calculator itself can be seen – it features a two line display made from so called NIXIE-tubes, has 2 kB core memory and a built in cassette drive for mass storage. For years this machine was the fastest desktop calculator in the world.</p> 58 <p>In the middle the optical reader can be seen (which, in fact, obscures the manual punch card reader which can not be seen in this picture). On the right is a modified IBM selectric typewriter which can not only be used to print out text, but to create plots of functions as well. Below the calculator an alphanumeric keyboard can be found; on the bottom an additional dual cassette tape drive is located. Programming of this machine was quite cumbersome - a simple plotterprogram took 794 program steps to perform a task which could be done on a later HP desktop calculator like the HP 9830 in only 36 steps using HP-BASIC as its programming language.</p>59 <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang700.shtm">See a larger and more detailed version of the photography</a>60 </div>61 < /div>49 <p class="bildtext">Unique system <b>WANG 700</b></p> 50 </div> 51 52 <p>The picture shows a unique system with a <b>WANG 700</b> at its heart. It is a one-of-a-kind machine and was built specifically for the department of mathematical didactics of a German university. Students of pure mathematics were forced to compete for the scarce CPU time on the university's mainframe while students of mathematical didactics had exclusive access to the system shown which eventually led to some arguments between both faculties.</p> 53 <p>On the left the calculator itself can be seen – it features a two line display made from so called NIXIE-tubes, has 2 kB core memory and a built in cassette drive for mass storage. For years this machine was the fastest desktop calculator in the world.</p> 54 <p>In the middle the optical reader can be seen (which, in fact, obscures the manual punch card reader which can not be seen in this picture). On the right is a modified IBM selectric typewriter which can not only be used to print out text, but to create plots of functions as well. Below the calculator an alphanumeric keyboard can be found; on the bottom an additional dual cassette tape drive is located. Programming of this machine was quite cumbersome - a simple plotterprogram took 794 program steps to perform a task which could be done on a later HP desktop calculator like the HP 9830 in only 36 steps using HP-BASIC as its programming language.</p> 55 <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang700.shtm">See a larger and more detailed version of the photography</a> 62 56 63 <div class="box center"> 64 <a href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.shtm" name="backlink-diehl-combitronic" title="Diehl Combitronic details"> 65 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/diehl-combitronic.jpg" alt="The Diehl Combitronic computer" width="526" height="420"/></a> 66 <div class="bildtext"> 67 In 1970-72, <b>DIEHL</b> selled the <b>Combitronic</b>, featured with germanium transistors from the early 1960s 68 (used for the printer interface), (still) a paper tape used for booting, a slow delay line memory and ceramic 69 ICs (modern LSI technology). This device is a prime example for the enormous speed of development of new 70 technology. The transistor logic was implemented by simply taking four LSI ICs together. Therefore the 71 computer is logically (almost) identical to the almost obsolte Combitron, but the case is much smaller and the whole 72 computer shrank up to two small boards (see <a href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.shtm">detailed pictures from the 73 Diehl Combitronic</a>). In the picture above you see the compatible paper tape puncher ELS 850 and the reader 74 "Dilector" on the left. 75 </div> 76 </div> 77 57 58 <h3>Diehl Combitronic</h3> 59 60 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 61 <a href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.shtm" name="backlink-diehl-combitronic" title="Diehl Combitronic details"><img 62 src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/diehl-combitronic.jpg" alt="The Diehl Combitronic computer" width="526" height="420"/></a> 63 <p class="bildtext"><b>Diehl Combitronic</b> with paper tape reader and puncher</p> 64 </div> 65 66 <p> 67 In 1970-72, DIEHL selled the Combitronic, featured with germanium transistors from the early 1960s 68 (used for the printer interface), (still) a paper tape used for booting, a slow delay line memory and ceramic 69 ICs (modern LSI technology). This device is a prime example for the enormous speed of development of new 70 technology. The transistor logic was implemented by simply taking four LSI ICs together. Therefore the 71 computer is logically (almost) identical to the almost obsolte Combitron, but the case is much smaller and the whole 72 computer shrank up to two small boards (see <a class="go" href="/en/devices/diehl-combitronic.shtm">detailed pictures from the 73 Diehl Combitronic</a>). In the picture above you see the compatible paper tape puncher ELS 850 and the reader 74 "Dilector" on the left. 75 </p> 76 77 <h3>Hewlett Packard HP 9810, 9820, 9830</h3> 78 78 <p>While DIEHL still emphazised the mechanics, HP tried to hide it as much as possible. For scientifical calculations 79 79 the Diehl computers from the series shown above were too slowly, compared to HP or WANG, whereas the Diehl devices … … 83 83 had to buy Wang or HP devices.</p> 84 84 85 <div class="box left ">85 <div class="box left clear-after"> 86 86 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/hp-rechner.jpg" alt="HP desk calculators (panorama)" width="335" height="1045" class="nomargin-bottom" /> 87 87 <div class="bildtext" style="margin-left: 335px; padding-left: 2em;"> … … 102 102 </ul> 103 103 </div> 104 <div class="clear"> </div>105 104 </div> 106 105 -
en/computer/programmable.shtm
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r124 r140 2 2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> 3 3 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"> 4 <head><!--#set var="title" value=" Programmable second-generation calculators"4 <head><!--#set var="title" value="Exemplary programmable second-generation calculators" 5 5 --><!--#set var="location" value="programmierbare" 6 6 --><!--#set var="part" value="computer" … … 14 14 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/head.inc.shtm" --> 15 15 <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="technikum, programmable calculators, Diehl Combitron, Programma 101, Olivetti, delay line memory, second-generation calculator" /> 16 <meta name="DC.Title" content="Technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />17 <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" />18 16 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 19 17 </head> … … 30 28 Such complete installations are very rare.</p> 31 29 30 <h3>Diehl Combitron</h3> 32 31 <div class="box center"> 33 32 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/combitron-s.jpg" alt="Diehl Combitron" width="690" height="232" /> 34 <p class="bildtext"><b>DIEHL Combitron</b>. This is the first operative 33 </div> 34 35 <p> 36 The Combitron is the first operative 35 37 programmable desk calculator that was built and selled in Germany. Right you see the DIEHL 36 38 Dilector (paper tape reader) and left the DIEHL ELS 830 (paper tape puncher). The system is fully executable. 37 39 The <a href="storage-media.shtm#delay-line-memory" class="go">delay line memory</a> serves as storage media 38 40 (capacity ca. 1000 Bit).</p> 39 </div> 41 </p> 42 43 <h3>Olivetti Programma 101</h3> 40 44 41 45 <p>In the same year the Olivetti Programma 101 came onto the market. For the first time in the … … 46 50 of many saved manual calculating time.</p> 47 51 48 <div class="box left ">49 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/olivetti_programma101.jpg" alt="Programma 101" class="nomargin-bottom"width="379" height="301" />52 <div class="box left clear-after"> 53 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/olivetti_programma101.jpg" alt="Programma 101" width="379" height="301" /> 50 54 <div class="bildtext">The legendary <b>PROGRAMMA 101</b> by Olivetti. In the middle you see the magnetic program card. The <a class="go" href="storage-media.shtm#delay-line-memory">delay line memory</a> was used as storage media.</div> 51 <div class="clear"> </div>52 55 </div> 53 56 57 <h3>WANG 320</h3> 54 58 <p>The WANG 320 is an outstanding machine in the collection. It was built in 1967 and is extremely rare nowadays. The system can be programmed using punched cards and features multiple keyboards, a sensational feature in its time.</p> 55 59 56 <div class="box center ">60 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 57 61 <a href="/en/devices/wang320.shtm" name="backlink-wang320"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang320.jpg" alt="WANG 320 SE" width="690" height="287" /></a> 58 <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 557px;"><b>wang 320 SE</b>. 59 In 1966/1967 the WANG 320 SE was a flag ship calculator. Two of its features were truly sensational for its time: It could calculate quickly logarithms and anti-logarithms (in fact this took less time than the calcultion of a square root) and up to four keyboards could be connected to a single calculator unit thus the machine was in fact a time sharing system. Further more the system could be programmed using punched cards – running programs were suspended for a short period of time to allow interactive users access to the machine. The 80 column punched cards could be prepared manually using a stencil. These features made the calcultar a perfect match for schools and universities. While the slide rule was in use in most of these places thismachine allowed them to enter the field of computer science. <br/> 62 <p class="bildtext"><b>WANG 320 SE</b></p> 63 </div> 64 65 <p> In 1966/1967 the WANG 320 SE was a flag ship calculator. Two of its features were truly sensational for its time: It could calculate quickly logarithms and anti-logarithms (in fact this took less time than the calcultion of a square root) and up to four keyboards could be connected to a single calculator unit thus the machine was in fact a time sharing system. Further more the system could be programmed using punched cards – running programs were suspended for a short period of time to allow interactive users access to the machine. The 80 column punched cards could be prepared manually using a stencil. These features made the calcultar a perfect match for schools and universities. While the slide rule was in use in most of these places thismachine allowed them to enter the field of computer science. <br/> 60 66 Clicking on the picture will show a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/wang320.shtm">larger and more detailed version</a>. 61 </p> 62 </div> 67 </p> 63 68 64 <div class="box center"> 69 70 <h3>Hewlett Packard HP 9100</h3> 71 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 65 72 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/hp-9100.jpg" alt="HP-9100" width="557" height="432" /> 66 < div class="bildtext">67 <b>HP 9100</b>68 <p>In 1968 the first desktop calculator made by HP hit the market and was a truly outstanding machine. All of its internal logic is implemented using discrete transistor logic without a single integrated circuit. The machine supports a wealth of mathematical and scientific functions and employs a magnetic core memory, so even after a power off the contents of memory (data and programs) are preserved. Magnetic cards serve as external storage media. The printer shown on top of the HP 9100 is an optional device. The heart of the display is a CRT on which the contents of three internal registers are displayed. The character generation is controlled by a wired ROM. This technological marvel indeed had its price – with a price of 23 000 DM for the basic version it was not affordable for individuals. 69 <br/>Only two years later WANG brought the <a class="go" href="ic-technology.shtm#backlink-wang700">WANG 700</a> to the market in direct competition to the HP 9100.70 </p>71 </div>72 </div> 73 <div class="box center ">73 <p class="bildtext"><b>HP 9100</b></p> 74 </div> 75 76 <p>In 1968 the first desktop calculator made by HP hit the market and was a truly outstanding machine. All of its internal logic is implemented using discrete transistor logic without a single integrated circuit. The machine supports a wealth of mathematical and scientific functions and employs a magnetic core memory, so even after a power off the contents of memory (data and programs) are preserved. Magnetic cards serve as external storage media. The printer shown on top of the HP 9100 is an optional device. The heart of the display is a CRT on which the contents of three internal registers are displayed. The character generation is controlled by a wired ROM. This technological marvel indeed had its price – with a price of 23 000 DM for the basic version it was not affordable for individuals. 77 <br/>Only two years later WANG brought the <a class="go" href="ic-technology.shtm#backlink-wang700">WANG 700</a> to the market in direct competition to the HP 9100. 78 </p> 79 80 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 74 81 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/hp9100-display.jpg" alt="display of the HP-9100" width="557" height="198" /> 75 <p class=" bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 557px;">Closeup of the HP 9100 tube display</p>82 <p class="center">Closeup of the HP 9100 tube display</p> 76 83 </div> 77 84 -
en/computer/punchcard.shtm
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r121 r140 6 6 --><!--#set var="part" value="computer" 7 7 --><!--#set var="url_de" value="rechnertechnik/lochkarten-edv.shtm" 8 --><!--#set var="prev" value=" tabulating-machine.shtm"9 --><!--#set var="prev_title" value=" Punch card tabulator"8 --><!--#set var="prev" value="univac9200.shtm" 9 --><!--#set var="prev_title" value="UNIVAC 9200" 10 10 --><!--#set var="next" value="electron-tubes.shtm" 11 11 --><!--#set var="next_title" value="Desk calculators with electron tubes" … … 13 13 14 14 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/head.inc.shtm" --> 15 <meta name="keywords" content="" />16 <meta name="DC.Title" content="Technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />17 <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" />18 15 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 19 <meta name="t29.comment" content="de syncs" />20 16 </head> 21 17 <body> … … 32 28 most of these archaic devices still work.</p> 33 29 34 <div class="box left"> 30 <h3>Card puncher devices</h3> 31 <div class="box left clear-after"> 35 32 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/lochkartenstanzer.jpg" 36 alt="Various card punchers" width="330" height="368"37 class="nomargin-bottom" />33 alt="Various card punchers" width="330" height="368" 34 class="nomargin-bottom" /> 38 35 <div class="bildtext"> 39 <b>Card puncher devices</b> 40 <p>For punching cards only occasionally, the small bottom device 36 <p>For punching cards only occasionally, the small bottom device 41 37 was quite sufficient, e.g. for small companies. The device in 42 38 the middle of the picture is a puncher from BULL and the topmost … … 46 42 "motor-driven punchers". 47 43 </p> 48 </div> 49 <p class="clear"> </p> 44 </div> 50 45 </div> 51 46 … … 57 52 information on a prescribed position on the punch card.</p> 58 53 59 <div class="box center ">54 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 60 55 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm_029-juki.jpg" alt="IBM 029 und Juki" width="580" height="340" /> 61 <p class="bildtext"> 62 <b>IBM 029 and JUKI card puncher.</b> 63 On the left hand in the picture there is the legendary 56 <p class="bildtext"><b>IBM 029 and JUKI card puncher.</b></p> 57 </div> 58 59 <p> On the left hand in the picture there is the legendary 64 60 IBM 029 (build since 1964), on the right hand the JUKI puncher 65 61 (made in Japan). The JUKI puncher is not accidentally looking … … 69 65 1971, the IBM 029 costed about 15.500 DM. 70 66 </p> 71 <div class="clear"> </div>72 </div>73 67 74 <div class="box center ">68 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 75 69 <a name="univac1710"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/univac1710.jpg" alt="UNIVAC 1710 Verifying Interpreting Punch" width="580" height="435" /></a> 76 <p class="bildtext"> 77 The <b>UNIVAC 1710 Verifying Interpreting Punch</b> (VIP) was released at 70 <p class="bildtext"><b>UNIVAC 1710 Verifying Interpreting Punch</b> (VIP)</p> 71 </div> 72 73 <p> 74 The Univac 1710 VIP was released at 78 75 the same time like the <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC 9400 mainframe</a> 79 76 in the year 1969. This device is very fast and versatile and works mostly … … 96 93 card feeding could easily stop working when the adjustment wasn't 97 94 perfectly fitting. 98 </p> 99 </div> 95 </p> 100 96 97 98 <h3>Sorters</h3> 101 99 102 100 <div class="box center"> … … 108 106 </div> 109 107 110 <div class="box center ">108 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 111 109 <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-sorter.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm_083.jpg" alt="IBM 083 punch card sorter" width="569" height="487" /></a> 112 110 <p class="bildtext"> 113 <b>IBM 083 sorter</b> <br/>114 Compared to the IBM 082 the sorting mechanics were greatly improved. The machine can sort 1000 cards111 <b>IBM 083 sorter</b> 112 <br/>Compared to the IBM 082 the sorting mechanics were greatly improved. The machine can sort 1000 cards 115 113 per minute. Much more than 16 cards per second are not possible, due to the mechanic's inertia. This 116 114 type was built since 1958. … … 118 116 </p> 119 117 </div> 118 119 <h3>Collators</h3> 120 120 121 <div class="box center"> 122 <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm" name="backlink-ibm077"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm77.jpg" alt="IBM 077" width="450" height="526" /></a> 123 <p class="bildtext"> 124 The picture above show the heart of an <b>IBM punch card collator 077</b>, year of manufacture 1959. The collector reads 480 cards per minute. It is capable of changing the order of the cards, looking for copies (and seperating them out) or comparing two stacks and finding out the differences. Compared to today's database storages this card collator is a kind of mechanical database query language interpreter. 125 <!--<br/>The programs are plugged together on a patch panel. Thus they can easily be changed. --> 126 <br />The electronics comprises of relays and camshafts which control 121 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 122 <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm" name="backlink-ibm077"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm77.jpg" alt="IBM 077" width="450" height="526" /></a> 123 <p class="bildtext"><b>IBM punch card collator 077</b></p> 124 </div> 125 126 <p> 127 The picture above shows the back of a collator, year of manufacture 1959. 128 The collector reads 480 cards per minute. It is capable of changing the 129 order of the cards, looking for copies (and seperating them out) or 130 comparing two stacks and finding out the differences. Compared to 131 today's database storages this card collator is a kind of mechanical 132 database query language interpreter. 133 <!--<br/>The programs are plugged together on a patch panel. Thus they can easily be changed. --> 134 <br />The electronics comprises of relays and camshafts which control 127 135 switches. Early engineers had to use oilcans for the bearing's 128 136 maintenance as often as a checking device. 129 137 <br />The programs could be changed by replacing the programing field. 130 138 <br/><a class="go" href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm">The function of the punch card collator</a> 131 </p> 132 </div> 139 </p> 133 140 134 <div class="box center">141 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 135 142 <a href="/en/devices/punchcard-collator.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-mischer.jpg" alt="Bull punch card collator 56.00" width="450" height="536" /></a> 136 <p class="bildtext"> 137 <b>Bull punch card collator 56.00.</b> 138 <br/>This very big device features very much chrome and almost 1000 relays, assembled to allow developers to implement varoius mixing algorithms with wired panels. Thus collating and sorting could be performed in only one working cycle. Depending on the task, the device could process about 250 - 500 cards per minute. 139 </p> 140 </div> 143 <p class="bildtext"><b>Bull punch card collator 56.00.</b></p> 144 </div> 145 146 <p> 147 This very big device features very much chrome and almost 1000 relays, 148 assembled to allow developers to implement varoius mixing algorithms 149 with wired panels. Thus collating and sorting could be performed in only 150 one working cycle. Depending on the task, the device could process about 151 250 - 500 cards per minute. 152 </p> 153 154 <h3>card interpreter</h3> 155 156 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 157 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm_548.jpg" alt="IBM 548" width="450" height="509" /> 158 <p class="bildtext"><b>IBM 548</b></p> 159 </div> 160 161 <p> 162 A huge punch card interpreter made by IBM. This machine can label 60 cards 163 per minute in 60 cols and two rows, according to the settings which you can set. 164 </p> 141 165 142 <div class="box center">143 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ibm_548.jpg" alt="IBM 548" width="450" height="509" />144 <p class="bildtext">145 <b>IBM 548</b>. A huge punch card interpreter made by IBM. This machine can label 60 cards146 per minute in 60 cols and two rows, according to the settings which you can set.147 </p>148 </div>149 166 </div><!-- end of content --> 150 167 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/menu.inc.shtm" --> -
en/computer/storage-media.shtm
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r123 r140 13 13 14 14 <!--#include virtual="/en/inc/head.inc.shtm" --> 15 <meta name="DC.Title" content="Technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" />16 <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" />17 15 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 18 <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="17.08.2008/v5.8" />19 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="17.08.2008/v5.8" />20 <meta name="t29.comment" content="plated wire storage new text + photo" />21 <!--changelog: 12.09.2007/v5.7.7 based on 17.07.2007/v5.7FINAL: Initialübersetzung von de dank B.Ullmann :-) -->22 <!--changelog: 01.12.2007/v5.7.13 based on 22.08.2007/v5.7.5: Added plated wire storage -->23 <!--changelog: 21.03.2008/v5.7.20 based on 18.02.2007/v5.7.18: Neues Kernspeicherbild uebernommen, Alt-Texte von Bildern uebersetzt -->24 <!--changelog: 18.06.2008/v5.7.22 based on 08.04.2008/v5.7.21: BULL GAMMA 3 Laufzeitspeicher neu -->25 16 </head> 26 17 <body> … … 54 45 and most spread memories are the ferromagnetic memories.</p> 55 46 56 <div class="box center"> 57 <h3>Delay line memory from the BULL GAMMA 3 tube calculator</h3> 58 <div style="white-space: nowrap;"> <!-- quick & dirty --> 59 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/bull-gamma-3-laufzeitspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography from a delay line memory" width="435" height="338" /> 60 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/bull-gamma-3-laufzeitspeicher-gross.jpg" alt="Details from the delay line memory" style="margin-left: 3px;" width="228" height="338" /> 47 <h3>Delay line memory from the BULL GAMMA 3 tube calculator</h3> 48 <div class="box center manuelle-bildbreite" style="width: 670px;"> 49 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/bull-gamma-3-laufzeitspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography from a delay line memory" width="435" height="338" /><img 50 src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/bull-gamma-3-laufzeitspeicher-gross.jpg" alt="Details from the delay line memory" style="margin-left: 6px;" width="228" height="338" /> 51 <p class="bildtext"><b>Delay line memory</b></p> 52 </div> 53 <p> 54 One of these solutions is the so called delay line memory. 55 It consists of several chained LC-oscillators that are set 56 up as low-pass filters. In this circuit the pulses are carried slower compared 57 to ohmic conductors. Due to the high damping the pulses must be amplified again. 58 Therefore the memory is equipped with 12 tube amplifiers. After amplification 59 at the end of the LC chain, the information is read in at the beginning of the 60 chain again. In this way it runs permanentely throught the delay line memory. 61 <br/>The pictures show a memory unit which is capable of storing a decimal 62 integer with only 12 digits. Obviously storage was very expensive in the early 63 times of computing. 64 </p> 65 66 <h3><a name="run-time-memory">Magnetostrictive memory</a></h3> 67 <div class="box center manuelle-bildbreite" style="max-width: 860px;"> 68 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/laufzeitspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography of a magnetostrictive memory" width="421" height="393" /> 69 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/laufzeitspeicher-details.jpg" alt="details" style="margin-left: 3px;" width="421" height="393" /> 70 <p class="bildtext"><b>1 kB magnetostrictive delay line memory</b></p> 71 </div> 72 73 <p>Another kind of "delay line" memory is the so called magnetostrictive memory. This technique is based on the idea of the propagation of ultrasonic waves through a thin wire. The information to be stored is fed into a long wire by the effect of magnetostricion (the wire contracts when exposed to a strong magnetic field – this in turn yields an acoustic wave traveling across the wire). A bit pattern created by this effect travels along the wire to its end where the information is picked up by a piezo electric element. The output of this pickup will be amplified and fed back into the beginning of the wire loop.</p> 74 <p>This basically yields a sequential storage circuit - an impulse pattern will run in an endless loop through the wire. To insert information into the loop some (simple) additional circuitry is necessary. To delete bits, the feedback loop will be opened while setting bits requires an OR gate at the input of the wire loop.</p> 75 <p>This type of memory is volatile and has a rather long access time – on the other hand, its capacity depends mainly on the length of the wire and the basic clock of the surrounding circuitry so it may easily expanded. In addition to this it is relatively inexpensive and rugged making it suitable for applications like desktop calculators and the like.</p> 76 77 <h3><a name="core-memory">Core memory</a></h3> 78 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 79 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/triumph-kernspeicher.jpg" alt="Core memory made by Triumph" width="694" height="520" /> 80 <div class="bildtext"> 81 <p><b>Triumph core memory</b></p> 82 83 <p>The company "Triumph" created a very demonstrative core memory 84 about 1961). The circuit card, measuring 16 cm by 20 cm, can 85 store 144 bit which equals 12 machine words of 12 bits 86 each (which was a common word length in this time). Thus a single 87 bit occupies an area of about 2.2 square centimeters.</p> 61 88 </div> 62 <div class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width:100%;"> 63 <p> 64 One of these solutions is the so called delay line memory. 65 It consists of several chained LC-oscillators that are set 66 up as low-pass filters. In this circuit the pulses are carried slower compared 67 to ohmic conductors. Due to the high damping the pulses must be amplified again. 68 Therefore the memory is equipped with 12 tube amplifiers. After amplification 69 at the end of the LC chain, the information is read in at the beginning of the 70 chain again. In this way it runs permanentely throught the delay line memory. 71 <br/>The pictures show a memory unit which is capable of storing a decimal 72 integer with only 12 digits. Obviously storage was very expensive in the early 73 times of computing. 74 </p> 75 </div> 89 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/kernspeicher-ausschnitt.jpg" alt="Detailed view on the Triumph Core Memory" width="694" height="90" /> 90 <div class="bildtext"> 91 <p>The Triump core memory was still threaded manually, in contrast 92 to the memory shown below.</p> 93 </div> 76 94 </div> 77 95 78 <div class="box center"> 79 <h3><a name="run-time-memory">Magnetostrictive memory</a></h3> 80 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/laufzeitspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography of a magnetostrictive memory" width="421" height="393" /> 81 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/laufzeitspeicher-details.jpg" alt="details" style="margin-left: 3px;" width="421" height="393" /> 82 <div class="bildtext"> 83 <p> 84 Another kind of "delay line" memory is the so called magnetostrictive memory. This technique is based on the idea of the propagation of ultrasonic waves through a thin wire. The information to be stored is fed into a long wire by the effect of magnetostricion (the wire contracts when exposed to a strong magnetic field – this in turn yields an acoustic wave traveling across the wire). A bit pattern created by this effect travels along the wire to its end where the information is picked up by a piezo electric element. The output of this pickup will be amplified and fed back into the beginning of the wire loop.</p> 85 <p>This basically yields a sequential storage circuit - an impulse pattern will run in an endless loop through the wire. To insert information into the loop some (simple) additional circuitry is necessary. To delete bits, the feedback loop will be opened while setting bits requires an OR gate at the input of the wire loop.</p> 86 <p>This type of memory is volatile and has a rather long access time – on the other hand, its capacity depends mainly on the length of the wire and the basic clock of the surrounding circuitry so it may easily expanded. In addition to this it is relatively inexpensive and rugged making it suitable for applications like desktop calculators and the like.</p> 87 </div> 88 </div> 89 90 <div class="box center"> 91 <h3><a name="core-memory">Core memory</a></h3> 92 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/kernspeicher-weiss.jpg" alt="Core memory made by Triumph" width="694" height="463" /> 93 <div class="bildtext"> 94 <p>The picture shows a core memory made by Triumpf (about 1961). The circuit card, measuring 16 cm by 20 cm, can store 144 bit which equals 12 machine words of 12 bits each (which was a common word length in this time). Thus a single bit occupies an area of about 2.2 square centimeters.</p> 95 </div> 96 <div class="clear"> </div> 97 </div> 98 99 <div class="box center"> 96 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 100 97 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/kernspeicher-univac.jpg" alt="A core memory built onto a modul from the UNIVAC 9400 mainframe" width="550" height="420" /> 101 98 <p class="bildtext"> 102 Another core memory made in 1969 is shown here. It is used in the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/highspeed-printer.shtm">high speed printer</a> of the <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC mainframe</a> and stores a single line of text to be printed (132 characters). The individual cores can still be seen by the naked eye. 99 Another core memory made in 1969 is shown here. It is used 100 in the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/highspeed-printer.shtm">high 101 speed printer</a> of the <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC mainframe</a> 102 and stores a single line of text to be printed (132 characters). The 103 individual cores can still be seen by the naked eye. 103 104 </p> 104 105 </div> 105 106 106 <div class="box center">107 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 107 108 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/kernspeicher.big.jpg" alt="Photography illustrating the size of a core memory in contrast to a match" width="629" height="443" /> 108 <div class="bildtext"> 109 <p>During the years the capacity of core memory devices was increased more and more while the dimensions were shrinked accordingly. This picture shows a core memory plane made in the time frame 1975 - 1978. The area shown equals 110 that of the 144 bit memory by Triumph shown earlier. Now there are more then 16000 cores on the same area. The individual cores can only be seen with the aid of a magnifying glass. The whole core memory block contains 16 planes like this containing more then 256000 single cores (this is equivalent to 32 kB of data) occupying a volume of about 2.5 cubic decimeters. This device marks the end of the era of core memory.</p> 109 <p class="bildtext"><b>Storage layer with a capacity of 16.000 bit</b></p> 110 </div> 111 112 <p>During the years the capacity of core memory devices was increased more and more while the dimensions were shrinked accordingly. This picture shows a core memory plane made in the time frame 1975 - 1978. The area shown equals 113 that of the 144 bit memory by Triumph shown earlier. Now there are more then 16000 cores on the same area. The individual cores can only be seen with the aid of a magnifying glass. The whole core memory block contains 16 planes like this containing more then 256000 single cores (this is equivalent to 32 kB of data) occupying a volume of about 2.5 cubic decimeters. This device marks the end of the era of core memory.</p> 111 114 112 115 <p>The smaller the individual cores the faster the access time – this device features an access time of only 200 ns. One drawback of core memory is that reading the information stored in a row of cores destroys the information. So every read access has to be followed by a write access to retain the information (reading from a core memory takes more time than writing to the memory which is a rather unique "feature" of this technology).</p> 113 116 114 <p>A major advantage of core memory is its non-volatility. The information stored in a core memory will be retained even when power is lost. It is possible to turn on a machine switched off in 1975 and continue operation at the very same step where it ended in 1975. Even today main memory is sometimes called "core" which is a reminiscence of the early days of computing when memory was in fact core memory. A memory dump as a result of a program crash is still called "core dump" in the UNIX operating systems family, for example.</p> 115 </div> 116 </div> 117 <p>A major advantage of core memory is its non-volatility. The information stored in a core memory will be retained even when power is lost. It is possible to turn on a machine switched off in 1975 and continue operation at the very same step where it ended in 1975. Even today main memory is sometimes called "core" which is a reminiscence of the early days of computing when memory was in fact core memory. A memory dump as a result of a program crash is still called "core dump" in the UNIX operating systems family, for example.</p> 117 118 118 119 119 < div class="box center">120 <h3><a name="threaded-rom">Threaded ROM</a></h3>120 <h3><a name="threaded-rom">Threaded ROM</a></h3> 121 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 121 122 <a name="backlink-gefaedeltes-rom" href="/en/devices/threaded-rom.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/nixdorf-rom-gesamt.jpg" alt="Photography of a threaded ROM made by Nixdorf" width="694" height="470" /></a> 122 <div class="bildtext"> 123 <p>All of the memory devices shown before were capable of read and write operations. Sometimes a read only memory (ROM for short) is needed. The picture shows such a ROM made in the mid 1960s which is closely related to a core memory. 124 <br/>The device shown is from a NIXDORF-WANDERER Logatronic system (made in 1966 approximately) which is a predecessor of the well known NIXDORF 820 system (see below). This ROM can store 2048 words of 18 bits each. The implementation is a true masterpiece of its time.</p> 125 126 <p>You can get further explanations and a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/threaded-rom.shtm">more detailed version</a> by clicking on the picture.</p> 127 </div> 123 <p class="bildtext"><b>Nixdorf threaded ROM</b></p> 128 124 </div> 129 125 126 <p>All of the memory devices shown before were capable of read and write operations. Sometimes a read only memory (ROM for short) is needed. The picture shows such a ROM made in the mid 1960s which is closely related to a core memory. 127 <br/>The device shown is from a NIXDORF-WANDERER Logatronic system (made in 1966 approximately) which is a predecessor of the well known NIXDORF 820 system (see below). This ROM can store 2048 words of 18 bits each. The implementation is a true masterpiece of its time.</p> 128 129 <p>You can get further explanations and a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/threaded-rom.shtm">more detailed version</a> by clicking on the picture.</p> 130 130 131 131 < div class="box center">132 <h3><a name="magnetic-stick-memory">Magnetic stick memory</a></h3>132 <h3><a name="magnetic-stick-memory">Magnetic stick memory</a></h3> 133 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 133 134 <a href="/en/devices/magnetic-stick-memory.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/gefaedeltes-rom.jpg" alt="A 'magnetic stick memory' made by nixdorf" width="692" height="379" /></a> 134 <div class="bildtext"> 135 <p>NIXDORF decided to implement a read only memory which could be easily modified by customers and did not require a service technician to modify its contents.The whole operating system of the NIXDORF 820 was stored in ROMs like this (all in all 3 modules – type 177 – were necessary for this). Even empty ROMs were manufactured which were sold to customers who liked to modify their 820 system. Each of these modules could hold 4096 word of 18 bits each. One of these ROMs weighs 2.4 kg.</p> 136 <p>Clicking on the picture will yield a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/magnetic-stick-memory.shtm">more detailed version</a> of it.</p> 137 </div> 135 <p class="bildtext"><b>Nixdorf magnetic stick memory</b></p> 138 136 </div> 139 137 140 <div class="box right"> 141 <!-- Neu seit 01.12.07 --> 142 <h3><a name="plated-wire-storage">Plated wire storage</a></h3> 138 <p>NIXDORF decided to implement a read only memory which could be easily modified by customers and did not require a service technician to modify its contents.The whole operating system of the NIXDORF 820 was stored in ROMs like this (all in all 3 modules – type 177 – were necessary for this). Even empty ROMs were manufactured which were sold to customers who liked to modify their 820 system. Each of these modules could hold 4096 word of 18 bits each. One of these ROMs weighs 2.4 kg.</p> 139 <p>Clicking on the picture will yield a <a class="go" href="/en/devices/magnetic-stick-memory.shtm">more detailed version</a> of it.</p> 140 141 142 <h3><a name="plated-wire-storage">Plated wire storage</a></h3> 143 <div class="box left clear-after"> 143 144 <!--<a href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/grafiken/magnetdrahtspeicher-uebersicht.en.gif" alt="Simplified diagram showing the plated wire storage" width="400" height="254" /></a>--> 144 145 <a href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.shtm"><img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/magnetdrahtspeicher.jpg" alt="Photography from a plated wire storage, zoomed greatly" width="340" height="303" /></a> 145 146 147 <div class="bildtext"> 146 148 <!-- new text and image since 17.08.08 --> 147 149 <p>The plated wire storage was intended for replacing the core memory. Our … … 161 163 <a class="go" href="/en/devices/plated-wire-storage.shtm">design of the plated 162 164 wire storage</a>.</p> 163 < div class="clear"></div>164 </div> 165 </div><!--bildtext--> 166 </div><!--box plated wire storage --> 165 167 166 < div class="box left">167 <h3 class="center"><a name="lochband">Two channel punched tape</a></h3>168 <h3><a name="lochband">Two channel punched tape</a></h3> 169 <div class="box left clear-after"> 168 170 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/speichermedien/lochband-combitron.jpg" alt="A two channel punched tape from the DIEHL combitron calculator" width="424" height="322" /> 169 171 <p class="bildtext"> -
en/computer/tabulating-machine.shtm
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r124 r140 16 16 <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 17 17 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 18 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="12.11.2009" />19 <meta name="t29.comment" content="aufgetrennt und Inhaltlich synchronisiert" />20 18 </head> 21 19 <body> … … 62 60 of the reperation of the tabulating machine</small></p> 63 61 64 <div class="box center ">62 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 65 63 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/tabelliermaschine.jpg" 66 width="679" height="658" alt="Bull PS BR Tabulating Machine" /> 67 <p class="bildtext">The <b>Tabulating Machine Bull BS-pr</b>: With closed walls it 68 looks like a strange chunk made of metal, but it comprises impressive 69 electromechanical technology. 70 <br />Multiplying and dividing mechanically needs lots of time. To shorten 71 this amount of time, you could attach the <a href="gamma3.shtm">"electronical 72 calculator" BULL GAMMA 3</a>. The auxiliary tube calculator was 73 only used for this purpose.</p> 64 width="679" height="658" alt="Bull PS BR Tabulating Machine" /> 65 <p class="bildtext"><b>Tabulating Machine Bull BS-PR</b></p> 74 66 </div> 67 68 <p> 69 With closed walls it looks like a strange chunk made of metal, but it 70 comprises impressive electromechanical technology. In the front there 71 are two demountable program boards that are mounted at the left side 72 of the device (not visible in the picture). The board on the left contains 73 a program for compiling and printing bank statements, the board on the 74 right contains a simple program for multiplying. Multiplying and dividing 75 mechanically needs lots of time. To shorten this amount of time, the 76 <a href="gamma3.shtm">"electronical calculator" BULL GAMMA 3</a> 77 could be attached. That auxiliary tube calculator was only used for this 78 purpose. 79 </p> 75 80 76 81 <!-- … … 102 107 --> 103 108 104 <div class="box left ">109 <div class="box left clear-after"> 105 110 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/relais1.jpg" 106 111 alt="Partial view of the relays" width="312" height="416"/> … … 112 117 customizing the programs), that is quite astonishing in view of the old age. 113 118 </p> 114 <div class="clear"></div>115 119 </div> 116 120 117 <div class="box center ">121 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 118 122 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/rechenwerke.jpg" alt="ALUs of the Bull tabulating machine" width="555" height="329" /> 119 <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 555px;"> 120 We exposed two of the 10 ALUs for an one-of-a-kind photo. The principle of sprocket wheel 123 <p class="bildtext"> 124 <b>Arithmetic-logic units</b> of the tabulating machine 125 </p> 126 </div> 127 128 <p> We exposed two of the 10 ALUs for an one-of-a-kind photo. The principle of sprocket wheel 121 129 machines is visible to the naked eye. All calculation work is performed only by mechanical 122 130 components and read in electronically by touch-sensitive contacts. You can even read out … … 124 132 performed purley mechanically. It's hardly imaginable that these machines worked more than 125 133 12 hours every day without any serious problems. 126 </p> 127 </div> 134 </p> 128 135 129 <div class="box center"> 130 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/offen1.jpg" 131 alt="Front view of the BULL BS PR Tabulating Machine" width="555" height="325"/> 132 <p class="bildtext-bildbreite" style="width: 555px;"> 136 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 137 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/bull-bs-pr/offen1.jpg" 138 alt="Front view of the BULL BS PR Tabulating Machine" width="555" height="325"/> 139 <p class="bildtext"> 140 <b>Printing unit</b> of the tabulating machine 141 </p> 142 </div> 143 144 <p> 133 145 This picture partly shows the complicated printing unit – in 134 146 every step a complete line is printed (like later line printers did). 135 <br/>In the foreground you can see the punchcard feeder. Every punchcard is147 In the foreground you can see the punchcard feeder. Every punchcard is 136 148 read in two times. At the first scan the machine detects wheter the card is 137 149 a controller card or a data card whereas at the second scan the machine reads 138 150 the content from the card. 139 <br/>Additionally, the machine is capable of comparing the content of two151 Additionally, the machine is capable of comparing the content of two 140 152 consecutive cards. 141 </p> 142 </div> 153 </p> 143 154 144 155 -
en/computer/transistors.shtm
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r123 r140 15 15 <meta name="keywords" lang="de" content="Kernspeicher, Wanderer Conti, Erste Rechner mit Transistoren, IME 84" /> 16 16 <meta name="keywords" lang="en" content="technikum, transistorised calculators, seccond-generation, calculators, IME 84, OLYMPIA, WANDERER, FRIDEN" /> 17 <meta name="DC.Title" content="technikum29 - <!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 18 <meta name="DC.Subject" content="<!--#echo var="title" -->" /> 19 <meta name="t29.germanoriginal" content="18.07.2007/v5.7FINAL" /> 20 <meta name="t29.thistranslation" content="21.08.2007/v5.7.5" /> 21 <!--changelog: 19.04.2006/v5.5FINAL auf Basis von 2005/v5.1.1 --> 22 <!--changelog: v5.7.5 FRIEDEN-Übersetzung by B.Ulmann --> 17 <meta name="t29.SVN" content="$Id$" /> 23 18 </head> 24 19 <body> … … 31 26 <p>Due to the accelerated progress of calculators featuring all tube technology, the development of transistorised second-generation calculators began.</p> 32 27 33 <div class="box center ">28 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 34 29 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/ime84.jpg" alt="IME 84" width="456" height="288" /> 35 30 <p class="bildtext"><b>IME 84</b>, the world's first desk calculator using transistors. Among others, it features an appealing design (1964!). Compared to the IME 84, the german device made by Olympia looks ungracefully. … … 40 35 <!--Gibts ja jetzt mit Bild: FRIDEN from the USA surprised with a calculator that displayed the contents of four registers on one cathod ray tube at the same time. But all these calculators could only compute with the four fundamental arithmetic operations, like many others. At least some of them could already extract a root. A core memory mostly served as storagemedia. The memory shown below is especially illustrative.</p>--> 41 36 42 <div class="box center ">37 <div class="box center auto-bildbreite"> 43 38 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/friden.130.jpg" alt="Friden 130" width="500" height="305" /> 44 <p class="bildtext">In 1966 the <b>FRIDEN 130</b> was announced. It was the first desktop calculator featuring a CRT display using an oscillocope tube to display the contents of four internal registers of the machine. The memory is based on a <a class="go" href="storage-media.shtm#delay-time-storage">magnetostrictive line</a>. 39 <p class="bildtext"><b>FRIEDEN 130</b></p> 40 </div> 41 42 <p> In 1966 the <b>FRIDEN 130</b> was announced. It was the first desktop calculator featuring a CRT display using an oscillocope tube to display the contents of four internal registers of the machine. The memory is based on a <a class="go" href="storage-media.shtm#delay-time-storage">magnetostrictive line</a>. 45 43 <br />The overall design of the calculator is quite futuristic - the machine might well be found in a space travel movie of that time. The smallest model featuring only the four basic arithmetic operations was sold for about 5000 DM while the larger model, the FRIDEN 132, which included a square root function was priced at 6700 DM.</p> 46 </ div>44 </p> 47 45 48 46 <p>Most of these calculators like many other brands were only capable of performing the four basic arithmetic operations although some machines had extra provisions for calculating square roots. In most cases a small <a href="storage-media.shtm#core-memory">core memory</a> was employed for internal storage.</p> -
en/computer/univac9400.shtm
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r119 r140 69 69 <p>The picture on top shows from right to left:</p> 70 70 71 < div style="margin-left: 238px; padding-left: 50px;"><ul>71 <ul> 72 72 <li>the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/frontpanel.shtm" title="see a detailed picture from the processor's frontpanel">main processor cabinet</a></li> 73 73 <li>the <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/console+uniservo.shtm" title="read more about hte console and uniservo">system's console</a></li> … … 81 81 <li><a href="/en/devices/univac9400/discdrives.shtm">two disk drives</a> of type 8425</li> 82 82 <li>a <a href="/en/devices/univac9400/cardreader.shtm" title="further reading and viewing about the punchcard reader">punch card reader</a></li> 83 </ul> </div>83 </ul> 84 84 85 85 <!-- ulmann text begins --> … … 138 138 139 139 <!-- The following list is originally continous text... --> 140 <div style="margin-left: 238px; padding-left: 50px;"><ul class="justify">140 <ul class="justify"> 141 141 <li>The UNIVAC 9200, a "powerful, card oriented electronic data 142 142 processing installation" with a memory capacity of up to 16 kB.</li> 143 <li>The UNIVAC 9300 f aetured tape and disk drives and could be143 <li>The UNIVAC 9300 featured tape and disk drives and could be 144 144 equipped with up to 32 kB of main memory (the museum has one of 145 145 this systems in storage).</li> … … 149 149 for data telecommunication". (The picture on the left shows an 150 150 "advertising brochure" for this system dating back to 1969.)</li> 151 </ul> </div>151 </ul> 152 152 153 153 <p>As in interesting note all systems of this series used a magnetic -
en/inc/menu.inc.shtm
r136 r140 35 35 <li class="long"><a <!--#if expr="$location = tontechnik" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/communication/sound_technology.shtm"<!--#endif -->>Sound recording and reproducing technology<span> </span></a></li> 36 36 <li><a <!--#if expr="$location = fernsehen" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/communication/television.shtm"<!--#endif --> >Television<span> </span></a></li> 37 <li ><a <!--#if expr="$location = faxtechnik" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/communication/fax.shtm"<!--#endif -->>Fax engineering<span> </span></a></li>37 <li class="long"><a <!--#if expr="$location = faxtechnik" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/communication/fax.shtm"<!--#endif -->>Telegraphy and Fax engineering<span> </span></a></li> 38 38 </ul> 39 39 </div></li> … … 44 44 <ul class="l2"> 45 45 <li class="long"><a <!--#if expr="$location = elektro-mechanik" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/computer/electro-mechanical.shtm"<!--#endif -->>(Elektro-) mechanical calculators<span> </span></a></li> 46 <li class="l3"><div<!--#if expr="($location = tabelliermaschine) || ($location = gamma3) || ($location = gamma10) || ($location = lochkarten)" --> class="on"<!--#endif -->><em>Punch card computing<span> </span></em>46 <li class="l3"><div<!--#if expr="($location = tabelliermaschine) || ($location = gamma3) || ($location = univac9200) || ($location = gamma10) || ($location = lochkarten)" --> class="on"<!--#endif -->><em>Punch card computing<span> </span></em> 47 47 <ul> 48 48 <li><a <!--#if expr="$location = tabelliermaschine" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/computer/tabulating-machine.shtm"<!--#endif -->>BULL Tabulating machine<span> </span></a></li> 49 49 <li><a <!--#if expr="$location = gamma3" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/computer/gamma3.shtm"<!--#endif -->>BULL GAMMA 3<span> </span></a></li> 50 50 <li><a <!--#if expr="$location = gamma10" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/computer/gamma10.shtm"<!--#endif -->>BULL GAMMA 10<span> </span></a></li> 51 <li><a <!--#if expr="$location = univac9200" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/computer/univac9200.shtm"<!--#endif -->>UNIVAC 9200<span> </span></a></li> 51 52 <li><a <!--#if expr="$location = lochkarten" -->class="on"<!--#else -->href="/en/computer/punchcard.shtm"<!--#endif --> title="Punch card devices">Peripheral card devices<span> </span></a></li> 52 53 </ul> -
en/news.shtm
r124 r140 27 27 posts are on top.</p> 28 28 29 <ul class="news-feed"> 29 30 <ul class="news-feed"> 31 32 <li><h3>January 2010</h3> 33 A new challenge: The UNIVAC 9200 data processing center was moved from the archives to the 34 museum building and is currently restored optically and technically. 35 <div class="box left clear-after"> 36 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/univac9200klein.jpg" alt="Foto der UNIVAC 9200 Anlage" width="350" height="184" class="nomargin-bottom" /> 37 <p class="bildtext">Univac 9200 in restoration<br/>See new page <a class="go" href="/en/computer/univac9200.shtm">UNIVAC 9200</a> 38 </div> 39 </li> 40 41 <li><h3>January 2010</h3> 42 The structure of our homepage was improved. We arranged topics with more headings 43 and improved the site design. 44 </li> 45 30 46 <li><h3>November 2009</h3> 31 47 We're have published the new page <a class="go" href="miscellaneous.shtm">The Pianola and Miscellaneous</a>
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