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en/computer/early-computers.shtm
r228 r229 22 22 <h2><!--#echo var="title" --></h2> 23 23 24 <p>Today's kids think of the latest mobile devices when talking about "mini computers". In contrast, in the 1960s and the early 70s, a computer was always huge (like our <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC mainframe</a>), thus a 300kg computer was "mini". Early computers are well worth seeing due to their enormous size and the nice transparent auxillary devices. 25 <br />There is a very important computer family that finally lead to today's (personal) computers: The development of the "Mini" computers from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), series PDP-8. The museum owns a complete production run from that devices: From the PDP-8 (also called Classic-8), year of manufacture 1965 to the PDP-8a (1975, this one is less important so it is located in the archive). 26 <div class="box left clear-after"> 27 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/flip-chip-module.jpg" width="400" height="173" alt="Flip-Chip-Module" /> 28 29 <p> These computers have been documented by several very detailed functional and circuit descriptions like no other computer ever built. This is from today's perspective, a fluke. Only by the presence of these documents a repair is possible. While other manufacturers often stood back for fear of their circuits from unauthorized re-use (eg HP).<br> 30 PDP computers were mainly used by scientists. With using of self-made interface cards it was possible to integrate existing equipment and experimental arrangements. DEC has prefabricated modules offered, which facilitated a yourself customizations.<br> 31 The figure shows a typical module of the second Generation (1965) without ICs from the classic PDP-8 (left). In the middle is a small module of the 3rd Generation (from 1967) with ICs, which was used in the devices PDP-8i, PDP-8L and PDP-12. Right after all, an empty module, it can be fitted by the user for specific extensions to the periphery. 32 </p></div> 33 <br/>For further reading see the story about <a class="go" name="backlink-dec" href="/en/devices/dec-history.shtm">Rise and Fall of DIGITAL (Equipment Corporation)</a>. 24 <p>Today's kids think of the latest mobile devices when talking about "mini computers". 25 In contrast, in the 1960s and the early 70s, a computer was always huge (like our 26 <a href="univac9400.shtm">UNIVAC mainframe</a>), thus a 300kg computer was "mini". 27 Early computers are well worth seeing due to their enormous size and the nice 28 transparent auxillary devices. 29 <br />There is a very important computer family that finally lead to (today's) 30 personal computers: The development of the "Mini" computers from Digital Equipment 31 Corporation (DEC), series PDP-8 and PDP-12 (both 12-bit architecture). The museum 32 owns a complete production run from that devices: From the PDP-8 (also called 33 Classic-8), year of manufacture 1965 to the PDP-8a (1975, this one is less 34 important so it is located in the archive). PDP means Programmed Data Processor. 35 </p> 36 <div class="box left clear-after"> 37 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/flip-chip-module.jpg" width="400" height="173" alt="Flip-Chip-Module" /> 38 <p>The manuals of these computers are very detailed, with full circuit 39 documentation. There never have been any other computer with such an 40 elaborate documentation. For restoration purposes these manuals are 41 indispensable. Even in those days, other manufacturers kept their 42 blueprints in secret for fear of unauthorized re-use (e.g. HP). 43 <br/>PDP computers were especially used by scientists. By using self-made 44 (CPU) interface boards, already existing (experimental) equipment could easily 45 migrated to the new hardware. DEC even offered prefabricated boards to 46 encourage own extension development. 47 The figure above shows a typical second generation module (1965) without ICs 48 from the classic PDP-8 on the left. In the middle is a smaller third generation 49 module with ICs (from 1967) which was used in the PDP-8i, PDP-8L and PDP-12. 50 On the right is an empty module just suitable for being equipped by the 51 user for interfaces to own periphery. 52 </p> 53 </div> 34 54 35 55 <p>For further reading see the story about <a class="go" name="backlink-dec" 56 href="/en/devices/dec-history.shtm">Rise and Fall of DIGITAL (Equipment Corporation)</a>.</p> 57 36 58 <!--alter Text: The legendary Classic PDP 8 from the company DEC (year of manufacture 1965) can be admired among others. Furthermore you can see the PDP 8L or <a class="go" href="/en/devices/pdp_8I.shtm">PDP 8I</a> (year of manufacture 1967, a lot of periphery) and the laboratory computer <a class="go" href="/en/devices/lab_8e.shtm">LAB8e</a> (1971). 37 59 Because of constantly growing claims for storage capacity, backing storage (19-zoll drawers for 4kB with a weight of 20kg) was offered. The PDP 8I could not administrate more than 32kB. 38 60 <br />THe PDP 8L, a trimmed-down version of the PDP 8I, cannot hold more than 8 kB.</p> --> 39 61 40 41 62 <h3>Classic PDP-8</h3> 42 <div class="box left"> 43 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp-8.jpg" width="400" height="474" alt="PDP 8 Classic" /></div> 44 <div class="box center" style="min-width: 840px;"> 45 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp-8,pannel.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="PDP-8 Bedienungspannel" /></div> 46 <p class="bildtext"><small>Left: <b>PDP-8</b>Left picture with tape unit TU 580, paper tape reader and punch and hard disc DF32, picture above shows the console</small></p> 47 48 63 <div class="box left"> 64 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp-8.jpg" width="400" height="474" alt="PDP 8 Classic" /> 65 </div> 66 <div class="box center" style="min-width: 840px;"> 67 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp-8,pannel.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="PDP-8 Bedienungspannel" /> 68 </div> 69 <small>Left: <b>PDP-8</b> with tape unit TU 580, paper tape reader 70 and hard disc DF32. Right: Operator panel</small> 71 49 72 <p> 50 73 One of the museum highlights: The complete PDP-8 system with processor, … … 53 76 and a teletype as printer. The Classic PDP-8 is considered the world's first mass-produced 54 77 "minicomputer". Due it's use of ICs, unlike its predecessors, it is considered 55 a second-generation computer.</p> 78 a second-generation computer. 79 </p> 56 80 57 <div class="box left clear-after"> 58 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp8-fluegel.jpg" width="400" height="345" alt="PDP-8 Flügel" /> 59 <p> This computer is built by a variety of different logic and register modules. The logical decisions are implemented in principle by a intelligent combination of NAND and NORs. Register, so fast latch, will be constructed with flip-flop circuits. The extensive wiring of the modules is done by the so-called "wire-wrap" technique, read the function in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_wrap">Wikipedia</a>. <br> 60 This wire-wrap connections were applied to the 1980th in all greater computers. It is an easy way to connect in any direction lying modules to each other. At first the "wrapping" were made by hand and was later executed by machines. Even today there are still some wire-wrap-connections in test circuits.<br> 61 The left picture shows the opened computer, with extended right wing. Here you can see the wire-wrap connections.</p></div> 62 63 64 65 81 <div class="box left clear-after"> 82 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp8-fluegel.jpg" width="400" height="345" alt="PDP-8 Flügel" /> 83 <p>This computer features various different logic and register modules. All logic 84 is only built with NAND and NOR gatters. Registers are constructed with flip-flop 85 circuits. The extensive wiring of the modules (see picture) is called 86 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_wrap">Wire wrapping</a>. This kind of 87 connections were used in all bigger computers until the 1980s, since it is an 88 easy way to connect two points which are not mounted on the same board or on the 89 same level. In the early days this wiring was manually performed and later executed 90 by machines. Even today there are still some wire-wrap-connections in testing 91 environments. 92 <br> 93 The picture shows the uncovered computer with opened right wing where you can easily 94 see the wire-wrap connections.</p> 95 </div> 96 66 97 <!-- The <b>Classic PDP 8</b> from DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation, Massachusetts): 67 98 He is considered to be the world's first mass-produced "minicomputer" (1965). "Mini" is relative: Only too very … … 75 106 <h3>PDP-8I</h3> 76 107 <div class="box left"> 77 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp8i.jpg" alt="DEC PDP-8I" width="400" height="666" /> </div> 78 <div class="box center" style="min-width: 840px;"> 108 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp8i.jpg" alt="DEC PDP-8I" width="400" height="666" /> 109 </div> 110 <div class="box center" style="min-width: 840px;"> 79 111 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/8i-pannel.jpg" width="400" height="292" alt="PDP 8i Bedienungspannel" /> 80 81 <p class="bildtext"><small>Left the PDP-8i system with two-DECtapes TU 55, hight-speed paper tape reader/punch PC 04, 563 CALCOM plotter (top) and a TELETYPE (not shown). 82 Above: the computer console.</small></p></div> 83 84 <p>In 1967 were the first TTL ICs (transistor-transistor logic) of the 74xx series are available. DEC was with the computer 8i to the forefront in the development of [the term "8i" means "With <b>i</b>ntegrated circuits"]. One had the Long-term behavior (later defects) of these integrated circuits no experience. UNIVAC therefore set itself in 1969 rather more the 2 years later the proven DTL-technology in computers. Fortunately, the TTL ICs proved to be as stable as the DTL series. But the degree of integration was much higher, so that less space has been claimed.<br> 85 DEC's first calculator with integrated circuits was not cheap. The CPU on 86 alone (pictured in the center) without peripherals cost $27000 at that time.<br/> 87 The main memory had a capacity of 8kB. While computing a "larg" problem, it was possible to swap 88 programs or data to files on magnetic tape and read in afterward be reread. DEC developed 89 an intelligent operating system (OS/8) which worked very efficiently with such little memory. 90 It is very interesting to watch this computer working.</p> 91 <p>If you have not been in the presence of this computer, you should know that it is quite large. 92 With the plotter, it stands at a height of almost 7' (2m) and weighting at more than 600 lbs (300kg).</p> 93 <p>The peripherals consist of two TU-55 (tape drives), a PC-04 (high speed paper tape reader), 94 Calcomp 563 plotter (at the top) and of course a teletype (not pictured).</p> 95 96 <h3 id="pdp8L">PDP-8L</h3> 97 98 <div class="box left clear-after"> 99 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp-8L.jpg" width="400" height="360" alt="DEC PDP-8L" /> 112 <p class="bildtext"><small>Left: The PDP-8i system with two-DECtapes TU 55, hight-speed paper tape reader/punch 113 PC 04, 563 CALCOM plotter (top) and a TELETYPE (not shown). Above: the computer console.</small></p> 114 </div> 115 116 <p>In 1967 the first series 74xx TTL ICs (transistor-transistor logic) came on the market. 117 DEC was at the bleeding edge, releasing the 8i ("with <b>i</b>ntegrated circuits"). No one 118 knew about the stability of the new ICs (later bugs). Therefore UNIVAC used the well established 119 DTL technology even two years after. Fortunately, the TTL ICs proved to be as stable as the DTL 120 series. Since the integration degree was much higher, less space has been needed for computers. 121 <br>DEC's first calculator with integrated circuits was very expensive. The CPU on alone 122 (in the picture: Left case, middle) cost US$ 27,000 without peripherals at that time. 123 <br>The main memory had a capacity of 8kB. While computing a "large" problem, it was possible to swap 124 programs or data to files on magnetic tape and read in afterward be reread. DEC developed 125 an intelligent operating system (OS/8) which worked very efficiently with such little memory. 126 It is very interesting to watch this computer working.</p> 127 <p>If you have not been in the presence of this computer, you should know that it is quite large. 128 With the plotter, it stands at a height of almost 7' (2m) and weighting at more than 600 lbs (300kg).</p> 129 <p>The peripherals consist of two TU-55 (tape drives), a PC-04 (high speed paper tape reader), 130 Calcomp 563 plotter (at the top) and of course a teletype (not pictured). 131 </p> 132 133 134 <h3 id="pdp8L">PDP-8L</h3> 135 <div class="box left clear-after"> 136 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp-8L.jpg" width="400" height="360" alt="DEC PDP-8L" /> 137 <p><small>PDP-8L (build in 1968) with HSR Paper Tape Reader</small></p> 138 139 <p>Many DEC customers did not need the high memory capacity or installable options. 140 Therefore DEC developed the stripped-down computer PDP 8L (<b>L</b>ow-cost) with 141 only a few pre-wired installed options in the lower price range. 142 The core memory had only 4kB capacity, it was extendable to 8kB with an external cabinet. 143 <br>Our PDP-8L has many extensions: HSR (High Speed) paper tape reader, TC01 Tape Control 144 with two drives TU55 and additional memory. 145 <br>DEC invented the interpreted programming language <b>FOCAL</b> (Formulating Online 146 Calculations in Algebraic Language), which allowed the user an interactive 147 programming environment (like a Unix shell). This language is similar to BASIC, but 148 slightly simpler. FOCAL required no operating system and ran smoothly with 4kB core 149 memory and lacking mass storage. 150 </div> 100 151 101 <p><small>PDP-8L (build in 1968) with HSR Paper Tape Reader</small></p> 102 <p>Many users of DEC computers did not need the high capacity of memory and installable options. Therefore, DEC developed a stripped-down computer with only a few pre-wired installation options. The core memory had only 4kB capacity, but it was an additional external cabinet possible to get 8kB. 103 <br> 104 Our PDP-8L was "high" expanded: HSR (High Speed) paper tape reader, TC01 Tape Control with two drives TU55 and a additional memory. 105 DEC developed its own dialogue programming-language "<b>FOCAL</b>" [Formulating Online Calculations in Algebraic Language], which allowed the user to stand in direct conversation with the computer. There is a direct compiler, each command is immediately translated into machine language. This language is similar to BASIC, but slightly simpler. FOCAL ran smoothly with 4kB core memory and the 8L was a small relatively powerful computer in the lower price range. (<b>L</b>ow-Cost, therefore, 8L).</p> 106 107 </div> 108 109 110 <h3 id="pdp12">PDP-12, LAB-12</h3> 152 153 <h3 id="pdp12">PDP-12, LAB-12</h3> 111 154 <div class="box left"> 112 155 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp-12.jpg" width="400" height="485" alt="DEC LAB-12" /> … … 132 175 133 176 <div class="box left"> 134 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp-12-innen.jpg" width="297" height="676" alt="DEC LAB-12-Flip-Chips" /></div> 135 <div class="bildtext">In the picture (left) you can see the 462 Flip-Chip-Boards in the frame. 136 </div> 137 <p> Our computer was very comfortable usable because many options are installed (in the parentheses stands the number of the required modules):<br> 138 139 <small><b>AD12 [A-D-Control](12):</b><br> 140 The AD12 includes 16 channels of input, 10bit output resolution and features up to 60kHz signals at 30dB down.<br> 141 <b>DM12 [Data Break Multiplexer for KF12-B](6):</b><br> 142 The DM12 provides the capability of operating up to three data break devices. The Data Break facility allows an I/O device to transfer information directly with the PDP-12 core memory on a cycle-stealing basis. This is particulary well suited for high-speed devices which transfer large amounts of information in block form. Peripheral I/O equipment could reach a maximum transfer rate of 6,5 Mbit/sec.<br> 143 <b>DP12A [TTY-Dataphone](4):</b><br> 144 The DP12 options permit interfacing additional Teletypes and Modems. They are capable of accepting data asynchronously up to 100,000 baud. The units are designed for US-ASCII and meet the EIA-standard (RS232) requirements.<br> 145 <b>DR12 [Relays and Control](1)</b><br> 146 The relay buffer is a six-bit register connected to six relays that are mounted on the data terminal panel. They can be used for controlling experiments or external equipment not otherwise directly interfaced with the PDP-12 Computer. The states of the relays can be examinede at any time via the register.<br> 147 148 <b>KE12 [Extended Arithmetik Element](14):</b><br> 149 The EAE enables the CP (the DEC operating system) to perform arithmetic operations at higher speed. The ALU is extended by asynchronous logic such as a 12-bit Multiplier Quotient Register and a 5-bit Step Counter. These components are used by auxillary CPU instructions (opcodes).<br> 150 <b>KF12 [Multi Level](54):</b><br> 151 The Multi-Level Automatic Priority Interrupt is designed to reduce the CPU overhead during the servicing of program interrupts. Up to 15 levels of interrupts can be accomodated with each level having an unique vector address. The interrupts can be accepted from other options (CPU extensions) or from up to six external devices. Storing of priority and vectoring of interrupt service routines is performed with a Stack.<br> 152 <b>KT12 [Time-Sharing Option](2):</b><br> 153 This module provides the additional logic circuits required for the PDP12 Time Sharing System. Having satisfied the minimum equipment, it perimts up to 16 users to operate their individual programs in an apperantly simultaneous manner. The system is controlled by a group of subprograms called TSS/12 Monitor.<br> 154 <b>KW12-A [Real Time Clock](19):</b><br> 155 The RTC can be used to generate Program Interrupts over a range of intervals of 2.5us to 40.96s; detect external and internal events in order to count them, measure them against a time base, measure the interval between them, use them as time base standard or control sample times of A/D conversions. In our system this module was used to connect the german longwave time signal radio station DCF77 in order to recieve the atomic clock time from the German master clocks in Frankfurt.</p></small> 156 <div class="box left no-copyright"> 157 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp-12anwendung.jpg" width="400" height="366" alt="Typischer Einsatz einer PDP-12 in der Wissenschaft" /> 158 159 <p class="bildtext"><small>Left: A typical use of a PDP-12 in the science about 1970th [BookResource:"digital products and applications, 1971"]</small></p></div> 177 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp-12-innen.jpg" width="297" height="676" alt="DEC LAB-12-Flip-Chips" /> 178 </div> 179 <p>The picture on the left shows the PDP-12 inner life with all 462 Flip-Chip-Boards.</p> 180 181 <p>By having all the following options, our computer was very comfortable 182 (the number in parentheses indicates the number of neccessary boards):</p> 183 184 <dl> 185 <dt>AD12 [A-D-Control] (12 modules): 186 <dd>The AD12 includes 16 channels of input, 10bit output resolution and features 187 up to 60kHz signals at 30dB down. 188 189 <dt>DM12 [Data Break Multiplexer for KF12-B] (6 modules): 190 <dd>The DM12 provides the capability of operating up to three data break devices. 191 The Data Break facility allows an I/O device to transfer information directly 192 with the PDP-12 core memory on a cycle-stealing basis. This is particulary 193 well suited for high-speed devices which transfer large amounts of information 194 in block form. Peripheral I/O equipment could reach a maximum transfer rate 195 of 6,5 Mbit/sec. 196 197 <dt>DP12A [TTY-Dataphone] (4 modules): 198 <dd>The DP12 options permit interfacing additional Teletypes and Modems. They are 199 capable of accepting data asynchronously up to 100,000 baud. The units are 200 designed for US-ASCII and meet the EIA-standard (RS232) requirements. 201 202 <dt>DR12 [Relays and Control] (1 module): 203 <dd>The relay buffer is a six-bit register connected to six relays that are mounted 204 on the data terminal panel. They can be used for controlling experiments or 205 external equipment not otherwise directly interfaced with the PDP-12 Computer. 206 The states of the relays can be examinede at any time via the register. 207 208 <dt>KE12 [Extended Arithmetik Element] (14 modules): 209 <dd>The EAE enables the CP (the DEC operating system) to perform arithmetic 210 operations at higher speed. The ALU is extended by asynchronous logic such as a 211 12-bit Multiplier Quotient Register and a 5-bit Step Counter. These components 212 are used by auxillary CPU instructions (opcodes). 213 214 <dt>KF12 [Multi Level] (54 modules): 215 <dd>The Multi-Level Automatic Priority Interrupt is designed to reduce the CPU 216 overhead during the servicing of program interrupts. Up to 15 levels of interrupts 217 can be accomodated with each level having an unique vector address. The interrupts 218 can be accepted from other options (CPU extensions) or from up to six external 219 devices. Storing of priority and vectoring of interrupt service routines is 220 performed with a Stack. 221 222 <dt>KT12 [Time-Sharing Option] (2 modules): 223 <dd>This module provides the additional logic circuits required for the PDP12 Time 224 Sharing System. Having satisfied the minimum equipment, it perimts up to 16 users 225 to operate their individual programs in an apperantly simultaneous manner. The 226 system is controlled by a group of subprograms called "TSS/12 Monitor". 227 228 <dt>KW12-A [Real Time Clock] (19 modules): 229 <dd>The RTC can be used to generate Program Interrupts over a range of intervals of 230 2.5us to 40.96s; detect external and internal events in order to count them, 231 measure them against a time base, measure the interval between them, use them as 232 time base standard or control sample times of A/D conversions. In our system 233 this module was used to connect the german longwave time signal radio station 234 DCF77 in order to recieve the atomic clock time from the German master clocks 235 in Frankfurt. 236 </dl> 237 238 <div class="box left no-copyright"> 239 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp-12anwendung.jpg" width="400" height="366" alt="Typical PDP-12 in scientific environment" /> 240 <p class="bildtext"><small>Typical picture in the 1970s: PDP-12 in the scientific domain</small></p> 241 </div> 160 242 161 <p>Other cabinets are in the calculator, which allows the connection of additional peripherals:</p> 162 163 <p><small><b>AA50P [12 Bit DAC Controller]:</b> Cabinet for placement of additional digital-analog converters. 3 of 6 possible are built in.<br> 164 <b>BA12 [Peripharal Expander]:</b> Is a Cabinet to extend the periphery, for example Paper Tape Reader/Punch PC05, punch card Readers, etc.<br> 165 <b>DW08A [I/O Bus Converter]:</b> This box allowed the connection of units with "negative bus system". Negative logic was used at times of germanium technology (PNP transistors), (for example disk drive with fixed heads "DF32").<br> 166 <b>DW08E [I/O Bus Converter]:</b> Is a Bus-Converter witch converts the Signals from PDP-12 (or LINC8, PDP8i) to PDP-8e OMNIBUS Format. Primatily it provides an interface between a Family of -8 Bus and a RK8 Disk-System (RK05 or Plessey PM DD/8).<br> 167 <b>BM812 [Memory Expansion Box]:</b> Memory expansion box that is capable of expending either a PDP8i or PDP12 from 8kB to 32kB with MM8e-stacks (like in PDP-8e).</small></p> 168 169 <p>The system is expanded very extensive. This method was common at that time. One first applied a computer in the basic version, which was still very affordable. Later sukzzesive the above listed options are added. Be distributed to the high acquisition costs over several years and the computer was always up to date. 170 171 </p> 172 173 174 175 <h3>Lab-8e, PDP-8e</h3> 176 <div class="box left"> 177 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/lab8e.jpg" width="400" height="461" alt="DEC LAB-8e" /> 178 </div> 179 <div class="box center" style="min-width: 840px;"> 180 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp-8e,pannel.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="PDP-8e Bedienungspannel" /> 181 </div> 182 <!-- other picture --> 183 <div class="bildtext"> 184 243 <p>The computer is equipped with further cabinets which allow much more peripherals:</p> 244 245 <dl> 246 <dt>AA50P [12 Bit DAC Controller] 247 <dd>Cabinet to upgrade the number of digital-analog converters (half filled in our setup) 248 249 <dt>BA12 [Peripharal Expander] 250 <dd>Cabinet for peripheral extension, e.g. paper tape reader/puncher, PC05, card 251 readers, etc. 252 253 <dt>DW08A [I/O Bus Converter] 254 <dd>Cabinet to connect "negative bus system" units. The "negative logic level" was used 255 at the time of germanium transistors (PNP), for example the DF32 disk drive with 256 fixed heads. 257 258 <dt>DW08E [I/O Bus Converter] 259 <dd>This plug-in for the smaller PDP-8e converts the PDP-8, -8i and -12 bus to the 260 OMNIBUS system from the PDP-8e. Thus all 8e interfaces could be connected, e.g. the 261 RK8E interface (Digitl RK05) or Plessey PM DD/8 disk drives. 262 263 <dt>BM812 [Memory Expansion Box] 264 <dd>Memory expansion box that is capable of expending either a PDP8i or PDP12 265 from 8kB to 32kB with MM8e-stacks (like in the PDP-8e). 266 </dl> 267 268 <p>This system is fully developed. This was a common approach at that time: At first the 269 computer was purchased in the basic version which was barely affordable. Afterwards 270 more options were installed step-by-step. That way the enormous acquisition costs 271 were distributed over several years and the computer was always up to date. 272 </p> 273 274 275 276 <h3 id="8e">Lab-8e, PDP-8e</h3> 277 <div class="box left"> 278 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/lab8e.jpg" width="400" height="461" alt="DEC LAB-8e" /> 279 </div> 280 <div class="box center" style="min-width: 840px;"> 281 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/pdp-8e,pannel.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="PDP-8e Bedienungspannel" /> 282 </div> 283 <div class="bildtext"> 185 284 <p>The successor of the PDP-8i was the PDP-8e (1970). This computer came with an 186 285 internal bus system, so you could easily attach any peripherals using interface cards. This … … 193 292 <li>3 x TU 56 (double tape drive)</li> 194 293 <li>A/D- and D/A-converter</li> 195 </ul></div> 196 <div class="box left clear-after"> 197 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/8e-module.jpg" alt="8e-Module" width=400" height="175"/> 198 199 <p> 200 In the picture you see on the left a module for self-construction of peripheral adaptations, here are bus amplifier, etc. already installed. Additionally you could use any ICs, and connect with wire-wrap or soldered wire.<br> 201 Right is a typical module with many TTL ICs. From both modules is only part visible.</p> 294 </ul> 295 </div> 296 <div class="box left clear-after"> 297 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/dec/8e-module.jpg" alt="8e-Module" width="400" height="175"/> 298 <p>The picture on the left shows a board for own peripheral interfaces. In this unit, 299 bus amplifiers, etc. are already mounted. You could install your own ICs in front of 300 them and connect them with Wire-Wrap or soldered wires. 301 On the right is a typical module with a lot of ICs. Both modules are only partially 302 visible. 303 </p> 202 304 </div> 203 305 -
en/details1.shtm
r33 r229 73 73 </tr> 74 74 <tr> 75 <td><b>FRIDEN 130 </b>[1965]</td>75 <td><b>FRIDEN 130, FRIDEN 132</b>[1965]</td> 76 76 <td>delay line memory</td> 77 77 <td>-</td> 78 78 <td>The world's first desk calculator with display on 79 79 cathode ray tube; 4 registers are displayed 80 (with germanium transistors)</td> 80 (with germanium transistors). Type 132 is featured with 81 automatic square root calculation.</td> 81 82 </tr> 82 83 <tr> -
en/details2.shtm
r33 r229 42 42 </tr> 43 43 <tr> 44 <td class="b"> DEC Classic 8</td>44 <td class="b"><a href="/en/computer/early-computers.shtm#Classic_PDP-8">DEC Classic 8</a></td> 45 45 <td>1965</td> 46 46 <td>Big tape deck "580"(**), hard disc DF 32**, 12 KB additional … … 51 51 </tr> 52 52 <tr> 53 <td class="b">< !--<a href="geraete/pdp_8I.shtm">-->DEC PDP 8 I<!--</a>--></td>53 <td class="b"><a href="/en/computer/early-computers.shtm#PDP-8I">DEC PDP 8 I</a></td> 54 54 <td>1967-69</td> 55 55 <td>Teletype</td> … … 58 58 </tr> 59 59 <tr> 60 <td class="b"> DEC PDP 8L</td>60 <td class="b"><a href="/en/computer/early-computers.shtm#pdp8L">DEC PDP 8L</a></td> 61 61 <td>1968-70</td> 62 62 <td>teletype-printer, two additionall memories (now 12K), two DECTAPEs … … 68 68 </tr> 69 69 <tr> 70 <td class="b"><!--<a href="geraete/lab_8e.shtm">-->DEC LAB 8e<!--</a>--></td> 70 <td class="b"><a href="/en/computer/early-computers.shtm#pdp12">DEC PDP 12</a></td> 71 <td>1969-73</td> 72 <td>Teletype, etc.</td> 73 <td>Scientific laboratory computer with LINK-8 and PDP-8 mode.<br/>Fully equipped 74 computer with more than 450 modules. 75 <tr> 76 <td class="b"><a href="/en/computer/early-computers.shtm#8e">DEC LAB 8e</a></td> 71 77 <td>1971/72</td> 72 78 <td>2 tape desks TU56, highspeed-punchcard reader and puncher, 73 79 removable disk drive RK05, 8 inch floppy RX01, monitor VR12, 74 AD-DA-converter, teletype</td>80 AD-DA-converter, teletype</td> 75 81 <td>Laboratory Computer that weights half a ton</td> 76 82 </tr> -
en/devices/wang2200.shtm
r177 r229 29 29 30 30 <div class="box left no-copyright"> 31 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang2200 .jpg" width="336" height="456" alt="Wang 2200" />31 <img src="/shared/photos/rechnertechnik/wang2200-prospekt.jpg" width="336" height="456" alt="Wang 2200" /> 32 32 <div class="bildtext"> 33 33 <p>Original brochure on the left. You see only the terminal witht the BASIC-keyboard. The CPU is located in a seperate suitcase. The power supply is suited in an own case.</p>
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